Biotechnology and genetic modification: Practice Questions

Which feature of bacteria makes them particularly useful in biotechnology for the rapid production of complex molecules?

Which statement best defines the process of genetic modification?

What is the biological importance of sticky ends created by restriction enzymes during genetic modification?

Which enzyme is specifically used to produce lactose-free milk for individuals who cannot digest dairy sugars?

When producing a human protein in a fermenter using genetically modified bacteria, why is it important to control the supply of oxygen?

State one reason why bacteria are useful in biotechnology and genetic modification with reference to their reproduction.

Explain how the insertion of human genes into bacteria enables the large-scale production of specific human proteins.

Explain how the formation of complementary sticky ends ensures the successful insertion of a human gene into a bacterial plasmid during the creation of a recombinant plasmid.

Human insulin can be produced on a large scale using genetically modified bacteria grown in a fermenter. This process involves the insertion of a human gene into a bacterial plasmid.

(a) Outline the role of restriction enzymes and DNA ligase in the production of a recombinant plasmid.

(b) Explain why it is necessary to control the pH and temperature within the fermenter during the growth of these bacteria.

Biotechnology often utilizes microorganisms because they are easy to grow and reproduce rapidly. Fermenters are large vessels used for the industrial production of substances such as penicillin or insulin.

(a) Describe three conditions within a fermenter that must be carefully monitored and controlled to ensure maximum yield of the product.

(b) Explain why bacteria are particularly suitable organisms for use in genetic modification to produce human proteins.