【Public Affairs】Participate in Society as an Independent Individual!
Hello, everyone! In this chapter, we will learn how we, as adults, can engage with society and live our lives in our own unique way.
"Public Affairs" might sound a bit intimidating at first, but it is actually a vital topic directly linked to "your future life." It may seem challenging initially, but don't worry—we'll take it one step at a time using relatable examples!
1. What does it mean to be an "Independent Individual"?
Simply put, an "independent individual" is "a person who has their own clear thoughts, makes their own decisions, acts on them, and takes responsibility for the results."
We don't live in isolation; we live within a team called "society" while interacting with others.
Key Point:
In society, you are expected not to act selfishly, but to respect the freedom of others and participate in creating a better society (the public interest).
2. Participating in Society as a Consumer
We shop every day. This is also a form of social participation. First, let's learn the rules of "contracts"!
① The Basics of Contracts: Freedom of Contract
The rule that "individuals are free to choose who they contract with, what the content is, and how they contract" is called the principle of freedom of contract.
Once there is an agreement (a manifestation of intent) to "buy" and "sell," a contract is formed, even without a stamp on a written contract or even if it's just a verbal agreement!
② Mechanisms to Protect Consumers
There is a large gap in information and bargaining power between individuals (consumers) and corporations. Therefore, there are rules in place to protect the weaker party: the consumer.
- Consumer Contract Act: You can cancel contracts that were forced upon you through corporate lies or harassment.
- Cooling-off System: A system that allows you to cancel a contract unconditionally within a certain period (e.g., 8 days for door-to-door sales), even after the contract has been signed.
Pro Tip:
Online shopping is considered "mail-order sales" where you have time to think, so there is no legal "cooling-off" system. Checking the "return policy" of each site is the first step toward being an independent consumer!
Summary:
Contracts come with responsibilities. The key to "independence" is not saying "yes" lightly and taking the time to verify the details.
3. Participating in Society as a Worker
In the future, many of you will contribute to society through "work" and earn a living through compensation (wages).
① The "Three Labor Laws" Protecting Workers
The employed (workers) often have a weaker position than the employer. These laws exist to balance that relationship:
- Labor Standards Act: A law that sets the minimum standards for working conditions (working hours, breaks, etc.).
- Labor Union Act: A law that recognizes the right of workers to form groups (unions) for collective bargaining.
- Labor Relations Adjustment Act: A law that helps resolve disputes between workers and employers.
② The Three Labor Rights (Article 28 of the Constitution)
These are powerful rights guaranteed by the Constitution:
- Right to Organize: The right to form a labor union.
- Right to Collective Bargaining: The right of the union to negotiate with the employer.
- Right to Collective Action (Dispute Rights): The right to carry out actions like strikes.
Common Misconception:
It is a mistake to think "I'm a part-timer, so the Labor Standards Act doesn't apply to me!" Whether you are a full-time employee or a part-timer, everyone who works is protected by these laws.
4. Participating in Politics to Build a Better Society
Participating in "politics," which determines the rules of society, is another crucial role of an independent individual.
① Going to the Polls (Voting)
This is the most direct form of political participation. You now have the right to vote from the age of 18. It is an important opportunity to choose someone who will represent your views.
② Diverse Ways to Participate
Beyond elections, there are many ways to improve society:
- NPO (Non-Profit Organization): Joining groups that engage in social contribution activities like welfare or environmental protection.
- Volunteering: Helping society voluntarily without seeking profit.
- Referendums: Expressing your opinion directly on important issues in the region where you live.
Key Point:
Instead of thinking, "It won't change if just one person participates," it is important to believe that "the accumulation of small actions shapes the structure of society."
5. Closing: Consensus Building and Dialogue
Society is full of people with diverse ideas. What should we do when opinions conflict?
Instead of forcing a decision, the public sphere requires us to seek a solution that satisfies everyone through "dialogue" (consensus building).
Even if the conclusion doesn't go your way, if the process was fair and the rules were decided through collective discussion, then following those rules is what being an "independent individual" is all about.
Summary of this session:
1. Take responsibility for your own actions (Independence).
2. Know your rights as a consumer and worker to live wisely.
3. Engage in rule-making through elections, volunteering, and more.
4. Discuss with those who have different opinions and search for mutually acceptable answers.
It might feel difficult at first, but try starting by taking an interest in daily news. You are all already important members who help shape our society!