Master the Art of Writing Logical English!
Hello everyone! Have you ever been asked in an English class to "write down your own opinion," only to find yourself stuck, not knowing where to start?
In this "Logic and Expression" section, we will learn how to write "well-structured paragraphs that convince the reader," rather than just stringing words together.
If you feel that writing in English is not your strong suit, don't worry! In fact, logical English writing follows a "fixed pattern." Once you learn that pattern, you can write amazing English sentences just like fitting together pieces of a puzzle!
1. The "Golden Rule" of English Writing: Paragraph Writing
The basic unit for writing logical paragraphs in English is called a "paragraph." English paragraphs have clear rules that differ slightly from typical Japanese compositions.
The Three-Layer Structure of a Paragraph
A logical paragraph can be broadly divided into three parts. Thinking of it as a hamburger makes it easy to understand!
① Topic Sentence: 【The Top Bun】
State your "main point (claim)" clearly at the very beginning. Don't save the best for last!
② Supporting Sentences: 【The Fillings: Lettuce and Patty】
Provide the "reasons" or "specific examples" that support your claim. A strong middle section makes your argument much more persuasive.
③ Concluding Sentence: 【The Bottom Bun】
Summarize your "conclusion" one last time in different words. This wraps up the entire paragraph neatly.
Tip: In English, the golden rule is to "state the conclusion first!" Keep in mind that this order differs from the typical Japanese Kishōtenketsu (Introduction, Development, Twist, Conclusion) structure.
2. Try Using the Magic Framework: The "PREP Method"
If you're ever stuck thinking, "I don't know what to write!", I highly recommend the PREP method. By following this pattern, anyone can write logically.
P: Point - I think... / In my opinion...
R: Reason - Because... / The reason is...
E: Example - For example... / For instance...
P: Point (restated) - Therefore... / For these reasons...
Example: Should we eat breakfast?
(P) I think we should eat breakfast every morning.
(R) This is because breakfast gives us energy to start the day.
(E) For example, when I skip breakfast, I cannot concentrate on my classes.
(P) Therefore, eating breakfast is very important for students.
3. "Logic Signs" for Connecting Sentences: Discourse Markers
Just as roads have signs, sentences have words that tell the reader, "I'm about to give you a reason" or "Next, I'll provide an opposing view." These are called discourse markers.
Useful Expressions
● Showing Sequence:
First, / Second, / Finally,
● Giving Examples:
For example, / For instance, / such as...
● Adding Information:
In addition, / Also, / Moreover,
● Contrasting Ideas:
However, / On the other hand,
● Stating a Conclusion:
In conclusion, / Therefore,
Pro-tip: Don't forget to put a comma (,) immediately after words like However or Therefore! Doing this alone will instantly make your English look more professional.
4. Common Mistakes and How to Fix Them
× Only providing one reason
If possible, try to provide at least two reasons to support your opinion; it makes your argument much more persuasive. Use the First, ... Second, ... combo.
× Ending only with your own experience
Instead of just saying "I like it," try incorporating a more general perspective. This makes your writing sound more logical.
× Overusing the same words
Instead of using "I think" every time, try using variations like "I believe" or "From my perspective" to make your writing easier to read.
5. Summary and Advice
・Write your conclusion first (Topic Sentence)
・Keep the PREP pattern in mind
・Use signs (Discourse Markers) to make the flow smooth
It's okay to start with short and simple sentences. Practice creating a set of "Opinion + Reason + Example." As you practice, your thoughts will become more organized, and you'll find that your logic improves even when you think in Japanese!
"It might feel difficult at first, but you've got this! Start with a short paragraph about your favorite food or hobbies!"