思覺失調症：练习题

The study by Freeman et al. (2003) used virtual reality to investigate persecutory ideation in a non-clinical sample. This means the participants:

According to the biochemical explanation of schizophrenia, what is the specific mechanism by which antipsychotic drugs primarily reduce symptoms?

In the Freeman et al. (2003) study, the researchers analyzed the relationship between pre-test psychological states and the experience of the virtual reality simulation. What did the results indicate regarding pre-virtual reality anxiety?

According to the ICD-11 diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia, which of the following is an example of a positive symptom?

In the study by Freeman et al. (2003), which used virtual reality (VR) to investigate persecutory ideation, why was VR considered a more objective method for assessing paranoid thoughts than traditional social interaction?

Identify two distinct characteristics of hallucinations that are used to distinguish them from normal sensory experiences during a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Outline two characteristics of a patient-centred (sharing) consultation style as mentioned in the syllabus regarding the management of clinical conditions.

Explain how the revised dopamine hypothesis provides a more comprehensive account of both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia compared to the original version of the hypothesis.

In the treatment of schizophrenia, different biological methods are used.
(a) Name the two main types of antipsychotic medications used in biochemical treatment. [2]
(b) Outline how electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) is used to treat schizophrenia. [1]

(a) Describe the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia as defined by the ICD-11, making specific reference to the distinction between positive symptoms and negative symptoms. [3]
(b) Using the study by Freeman et al. (2003), explain how the virtual reality (VR) environment was designed to measure persecutory ideation in a social context. [2]