Chemistry (9813)

11 个单元 · 27 个章节

免费 Chemistry (9813) 学习笔记，适合 GCE A-Level - Higher 3 (H3) 学生。每个章节都覆盖一个重点主题，并附例题与可延伸到 thinka app 的练习提示。

Basic Principles of Spectroscopy

Molecular Stereochemistry

  • Stereochemical projection (including Newman projections)

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  • Conformational isomerism: energy barriers to rotation and interconversion

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  • Cis-trans isomerism, including E, Z nomenclature

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  • Enantiomerism and diastereomerism: R, S configuration, optical activity and optical purity

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  • Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes: cis-trans and enantiomerism in square planar and octahedral complexes

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Ultraviolet/visible Spectroscopy

  • Chromophores

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  • Molar absorptivity and the Beer–Lambert law

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Spectroscopic Techniques

  • Basic Principles of Spectroscopy: molecular orbital theory, the electromagnetic spectrum, quantisation of energy, energy level transitions

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  • Ultraviolet/visible Spectroscopy: electronic transitions, chromophores, molar absorptivity and the Beer-Lambert law

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  • Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: molecular vibrations and characteristic IR absorptions

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  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: nuclear spin, chemical shift, peak area and proton counting, spin-spin splitting

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  • Mass Spectrometry: ionisation, fragmentation and interpretation of spectra

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Further Organic Mechanisms

  • The Hammond postulate: relationship between the transition state and the nearest stable species

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  • Nucleophilic substitution mechanism: nature of nucleophiles and leaving group, SN1, SN2

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  • Nucleophilic substitution kinetics: energy profile, rate law, orders of reaction, rate constants, stereochemistry, substituent effects

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  • Competition between SN1 and SN2

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  • Elimination mechanism: syn- and anti-elimination, stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, E1, E2

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  • Elimination kinetics: energy profile, rate law, regioselectivity

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  • E2/SN2 competition: substrate effects, base effects

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Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

  • Characteristic IR absorptions

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Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

  • Chemical shift: δ scale, internal reference, electronegativity effects, anisotropic effects, hydrogen bonding

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  • Calculation of peak area and proton counting

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  • Spin-spin splitting

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Mass Spectrometry

  • Interpretation of spectra: molecular ion peak, isotopic abundance, fragment ions

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Basic Physical Organic Chemistry

    Nucleophilic Substitution

      Elimination

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