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Define the term 'natural population decrease' and state the formula used to calculate natural population change.

Identify three main processes of river transportation and briefly describe one of them.

Explain how the burning of fossil fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect and list two gases responsible.

Explain the difference between a nucleated settlement pattern and a linear settlement pattern, providing a typical location or reason for each.

Describe three physical adaptations of vegetation in the tropical rainforest that allow trees to survive the high rainfall and heavy canopy conditions.

Identify the type of plate boundary where fold mountains are formed, and list two geographical features (other than fold mountains) associated with this boundary.

Define 'ecotourism' and state two ways it minimizes negative environmental impacts compared to traditional mass tourism.

Describe the process of longshore drift and explain why a spit often develops a curved end.

Explain how a high infant mortality rate can paradoxically lead to high birth rates in some LEDCs.

State what is meant by the term 'river discharge' and identify the standard unit used to measure it in hydrology.

Explain how global warming and rising sea temperatures lead to the loss of coral reef ecosystems.

Define the term 'threshold population' and explain its relationship with low-order services.

Describe the main function of a Stevenson Screen in a weather station and state one design feature that helps it achieve this.

Explain how a volcanic eruption can trigger the secondary hazard known as a lahar.

Explain how seasonal tourism can lead to economic instability in a coastal holiday resort.

Explain how longshore drift moves sediment along a sandy coastline.

Identify the transportation process in a river where fine, light material is carried within the flow of the water, and state how a decrease in river velocity affects this load.

Explain the concept of 'sphere of influence' of a settlement, and state how the threshold population of a high-order service (such as a university) compares to that of a low-order service (such as a convenience store).

Study the population data for Country X: Year 1990 (Birth Rate: 45 per 1000, Death Rate: 17 per 1000); Year 2005 (Birth Rate: 38 per 1000, Death Rate: 12 per 1000); Year 2020 (Birth Rate: 29 per 1000, Death Rate: 8 per 1000). (i) Calculate the rate of natural increase in 1990 as a percentage. [1 mark] (ii) Describe the overall trend in both rates between 1990 and 2020. [1 mark] (iii) Suggest two reasons for the decline in the death rate between 1990 and 2020. [2 marks]

Study the channel characteristics data at three measuring stations along a river: Station A (Distance from source: 3 km, Average velocity: 0.35 m/s, Channel width: 2.5 m); Station B (Distance from source: 22 km, Average velocity: 0.55 m/s, Channel width: 8.2 m); Station C (Distance from source: 54 km, Average velocity: 0.72 m/s, Channel width: 24.5 m). (i) State the relationship between distance from the source and average velocity. [1 mark] (ii) Calculate the increase in channel width between Station A and Station C. [1 mark] (iii) State two reasons why the average velocity of a river typically increases downstream. [2 marks]

Study the environmental data for an industrial city: Year 2005 (CO2 emissions: 45 million tonnes, Renewable energy: 8%); Year 2010 (CO2 emissions: 38 million tonnes, Renewable energy: 15%); Year 2015 (CO2 emissions: 29 million tonnes, Renewable energy: 28%); Year 2020 (CO2 emissions: 18 million tonnes, Renewable energy: 44%). (i) Describe the relationship between the percentage of renewable energy used and CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2020. [1 mark] (ii) Calculate the total reduction in CO2 emissions between 2005 and 2020. [1 mark] (iii) Describe two other methods (besides renewable energy) that an industrial city can use to reduce its carbon footprint. [2 marks]

Study the settlement data for a region: Hamlet (Average population: 50, Services: Post box); Village (Average population: 600, Services: Primary school, Doctor's surgery); Small Town (Average population: 8,500, Services: Secondary school, Supermarket, Bank); Large City (Average population: 150,000, Services: University, Specialist hospital, Airport). (i) Identify the minimum average population size required to support a secondary school. [1 mark] (ii) Define 'threshold population' with reference to services like a specialist hospital. [1 mark] (iii) Explain why a large city has a larger sphere of influence than a small town. [2 marks]

Study the weather station data recorded over five days: Day 1 (Max temp: 22°C, Min temp: 12°C, Rainfall: 0.0 mm); Day 2 (Max temp: 24°C, Min temp: 14°C, Rainfall: 0.5 mm); Day 3 (Max temp: 19°C, Min temp: 10°C, Rainfall: 12.4 mm); Day 4 (Max temp: 15°C, Min temp: 8°C, Rainfall: 4.2 mm); Day 5 (Max temp: 18°C, Min temp: 9°C, Rainfall: 0.0 mm). (i) Calculate the diurnal temperature range for Day 3. [1 mark] (ii) Identify which day has the highest risk of localized surface flooding. [1 mark] (iii) Explain how a maximum/minimum thermometer works to record the daily temperature range. [2 marks]

Study the tourism data for an island nation: Year 2012 (Arrivals: 1.0 million, Receipts: 1.5 billion USD); Year 2014 (Arrivals: 1.5 million, Receipts: 2.2 billion USD); Year 2016 (Arrivals: 2.0 million, Receipts: 3.2 billion USD); Year 2018 (Arrivals: 2.5 million, Receipts: 4.2 billion USD); Year 2020 (Arrivals: 0.5 million, Receipts: 0.8 billion USD). (i) Calculate the percentage change in international tourist arrivals between 2012 and 2018. [1 mark] (ii) Identify the year that acts as an anomaly to the general growth trend shown in the table. [1 mark] (iii) Suggest two negative economic consequences that this island nation might experience due to the decline in tourism in 2020. [2 marks]

For a named country you have studied, explain the causes of a high rate of natural population growth.

For a named river you have studied, explain the causes of flooding.

For a named area you have studied, explain how tourism is being managed to ensure it is sustainable.

### Map Extract Information

Use the following detailed geographical information from a 1:50,000 topographic map extract of Glencree (contour interval 10 metres) to answer the questions.

* **Scale**: 1:50,000 (1 cm on the map represents 500 m on the ground).
* **Grid Reference System**: Eastings run from 32 to 42; Northings run from 75 to 85.
* **Topography (Relief)**:
* High ground is located in the east, peaking at Mount Avoca (342 m) at grid reference 384812. Contours here are closely spaced, ranging from 150 m up to 340 m, with steep slopes facing west.
* A flat valley floor lies in the west and south-west, with heights below 50 m. Contour lines in grid squares 3278 and 3378 are widely spaced, indicating a broad, flat floodplain.
* A steep-sided, narrow V-shaped tributary valley (Black Burn glen) is located in grid squares 3676 and 3776.
* **Drainage (Water features)**:
* The River Glen flows from the north-west (entering at 320840) towards the south-east, meandering across a wide floodplain in the western grid squares (3278, 3378, 3478).
* An oxbow lake is located at 331785. Areas of marshy ground and wet grassland (indicated by grass tuft symbols) are found in grid squares 3278 and 3378.
* The river width is represented by a double blue line. Tributaries such as the Black Burn flow westwards through narrow valleys to join the main River Glen.
* **Settlement & Transport**:
* The nucleated settlement of Glencree is situated mainly in grid squares 3478, 3479, and 3579. It is built on a slightly elevated river terrace (50 m to 60 m contours) above the flat valley floor.
* The A89 road (red road line) runs from south-west to north-east, crossing the River Glen via a bridge at 345792.
* Minor roads (yellow lines) branch off the A89, serving residential areas. A linear settlement pattern is visible along the minor road in 3579.
* A large industrial park (factory symbols) is located at 342784, close to both the A89 road and the railway line.
* A single-track railway line (black hatched line) runs parallel to the valley floor, with a station at 344788.

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### Questions

**(a) Grid References & Features**
* (i) Identify the transport feature located at grid reference **344788**. *(1 mark)*
* (ii) Give the 6-figure grid reference of the **oxbow lake** in the River Glen. *(2 marks)*

**(b) Distance & Direction**
* (i) On a printed copy of this map, the straight-line distance between the peak of Mount Avoca (**384812**) and the bridge carrying the A89 road over the River Glen (**345792**) is measured as exactly **8.8 cm**. Calculate the actual ground distance in **metres**. Show your working. *(2 marks)*
* (ii) State the compass direction from the **bridge (345792)** to the **peak of Mount Avoca (384812)**. *(1 mark)*

**(c) Gradient Calculation**
* Calculate the average gradient along the straight line from the peak of Mount Avoca (height **342 m** at **384812**) to the trig station at point B (height **122 m** at **364812**). The horizontal ground distance between these two points is **2000 m**. Show your working and state the gradient as a ratio of **1 in \(x\)**. *(3 marks)*

**(d) Physical Drainage & Relief**
* Describe the physical features of the River Glen and its valley in the western and south-western parts of the map (grid squares **3278, 3378, 3478**). *(5 marks)*

**(e) Human & Settlement Geography**
* Describe the distribution and site features of the settlement of **Glencree** in grid squares **3478, 3479, and 3579**. *(6 marks)*

Study the hydrograph data below, which compares the response of two drainage basins (Basin X and Basin Y) of equal area to a heavy rainfall event of 50 mm. Basin X is heavily urbanized, while Basin Y is a natural forested area.

Data Table:
- Basin X: Peak Discharge = 45 m3/s, Lag Time = 2 hours, Baseflow = 5 m3/s
- Basin Y: Peak Discharge = 12 m3/s, Lag Time = 8 hours, Baseflow = 4 m3/s

(a) Describe three differences in the hydrological response between Basin X and Basin Y. [3]
(b) Explain how the urbanization of Basin X has resulted in its high peak discharge and short lag time. [3]
(c) State two physical factors, other than vegetation, that can influence the lag time of a river basin. [2]

Study the table below, which shows demographic data for Country A and Country B in 2023.

Demographic Indicators:
- Country A: Birth Rate = 42 per 1000, Death Rate = 14 per 1000, Infant Mortality Rate = 68 per 1000, Life Expectancy = 53 years
- Country B: Birth Rate = 9 per 1000, Death Rate = 10 per 1000, Infant Mortality Rate = 3 per 1000, Life Expectancy = 82 years

(a) Using the birth rate and death rate data, calculate the rate of natural increase (as a percentage) for Country A. Show your calculations. [2]
(b) Suggest reasons for the high infant mortality rate in Country A. [3]
(c) Describe three challenges Country B might face due to its low birth rate and high life expectancy. [3]

Study the data below, which shows measurements of beach sediment size and beach angle at five sampling sites along a 2 km spit, measuring from the mainland (Site 1) to the spit end (Site 5).

Data Table:
- Site 1 (Mainland end): Average Sediment Diameter = 45 mm, Beach Angle = 12 degrees
- Site 2: Average Sediment Diameter = 30 mm, Beach Angle = 9 degrees
- Site 3: Average Sediment Diameter = 18 mm, Beach Angle = 7 degrees
- Site 4: Average Sediment Diameter = 8 mm, Beach Angle = 4 degrees
- Site 5 (Spit end): Average Sediment Diameter = 2 mm, Beach Angle = 2 degrees

(a) Describe the relationship between sediment diameter and beach angle shown in the table. [2]
(b) Explain how longshore drift and wave action result in the sorting of sediment from Site 1 to Site 5. [4]
(c) State two ways human activities can disrupt the natural supply of sediment to a spit. [2]

Study the data below, which shows the concentration of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) in micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3) at various distances and directions from an industrial chemical plant.

Data Table:
- 500m North: 110 ug/m3
- 500m South: 45 ug/m3
- 500m East: 140 ug/m3
- 500m West: 30 ug/m3
- 2000m North: 40 ug/m3
- 2000m South: 10 ug/m3
- 2000m East: 65 ug/m3
- 2000m West: 5 ug/m3

(a) Describe the patterns of air pollution concentration around the chemical plant shown by the data. [3]
(b) Explain how local wind direction could account for the uneven distribution of air pollution. [2]
(c) Explain three negative impacts of sulfur dioxide emissions on the local natural environment. [3]

Study the table below, which shows tourist arrival numbers and local satisfaction index (scored out of 100) for a coastal resort over a 40-year period.

Data Table:
- Year 0: Arrivals = 200, Satisfaction Index = 95
- Year 10: Arrivals = 5,000, Satisfaction Index = 90
- Year 20: Arrivals = 85,000, Satisfaction Index = 75
- Year 30: Arrivals = 250,000, Satisfaction Index = 40
- Year 40: Arrivals = 240,000, Satisfaction Index = 25

(a) Identify the trend in tourist arrivals and local satisfaction over the 40-year period. [2]
(b) Using Butler's Stage of Lifecycle model, identify the stage the resort is in by Year 30 to 40 and explain your reasoning. [3]
(c) State three environmental impacts of rapid tourism growth on coastal areas. [3]

A group of students from a school in northern England carried out a geographical investigation along the course of the River Esk. They chose five different sites from the upper course to the lower course of the river to test the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: River velocity increases downstream.

Hypothesis 2: Bedload roundness increases and bedload size decreases downstream.

(a) (i) State three safety precautions the students should take when working in or near a river channel. [3 marks]
(ii) Describe in detail how the students would measure the wet cross-sectional width of the river channel using field equipment. [3 marks]
(iii) Explain why the students measured the river depth at regular intervals (e.g. every 0.5 metres) across the channel rather than taking a single depth measurement in the middle of the river. [2 marks]

(b) (i) Describe how the students measured river velocity using a digital flow meter. [4 marks]
(ii) At Site 1, the students recorded five velocity measurements: 0.22 m/s, 0.25 m/s, 0.21 m/s, 0.28 m/s, and 0.24 m/s. Calculate the mean velocity at Site 1. Show your calculations. [2 marks]
(iii) Use the calculated mean from (b)(ii) and the following mean velocities at the other sites to describe the overall trend in river velocity downstream:
- Site 2: 0.35 m/s
- Site 3: 0.48 m/s
- Site 4: 0.58 m/s
- Site 5: 0.65 m/s
[2 marks]

(c) (i) To investigate Hypothesis 2, the students sampled 20 pebbles from the river bed at each of the five sites. Describe a systematic sampling technique they could use to select these pebbles to avoid bias. [3 marks]
(ii) Explain how they would measure the size of each pebble using callipers. [2 marks]
(iii) The roundness of the pebbles was determined using Powers' Scale of Roundness, where 1 indicates highly angular and 6 indicates well-rounded. The results are summarized in Table 1 below:

Table 1:
- Site 1 (1.2 km downstream): Mean Pebble Size = 12.4 cm; Mean Roundness Score = 1.8
- Site 2 (3.5 km downstream): Mean Pebble Size = 9.1 cm; Mean Roundness Score = 2.4
- Site 3 (6.2 km downstream): Mean Pebble Size = 6.8 cm; Mean Roundness Score = 3.5
- Site 4 (8.8 km downstream): Mean Pebble Size = 4.2 cm; Mean Roundness Score = 4.1
- Site 5 (11.5 km downstream): Mean Pebble Size = 2.1 cm; Mean Roundness Score = 5.2

What conclusion should the students make regarding Hypothesis 2? Use data from Table 1 to support your answer. [5 marks]
(iv) Explain the physical river processes responsible for the changes in bedload size and roundness downstream. [4 marks]

A class of geography students investigated the impacts of tourism on the coastal town of Sandymouth. They focused on how tourism affects both the physical environmental quality and the types of services available. They selected five sites spaced at 100-metre intervals starting from the beachfront (Site A, 0m) moving inland along a main street (Site E, 400m). They formulated two hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: The quality of the urban environment decreases closer to the beach due to high tourist numbers.

Hypothesis 2: Local shops and services are more geared towards tourists than residents near the seafront compared to further inland.

(a) (i) The sampling method used to select the five sites at regular 100-metre intervals is systematic sampling. State one advantage and one disadvantage of using systematic sampling in this investigation. [3 marks]
(ii) To measure environmental quality, the students filled out an Environmental Quality Index (EQI) sheet at each site. This rated categories such as litter, traffic noise, and building quality on a scale from -2 (poor) to +2 (excellent). Explain how the students could ensure that their assessment was as objective and reliable as possible. [3 marks]
(iii) At Site B, the students recorded the following scores for the five environmental quality categories: Litter = -1, Noise = 0, Traffic Congestion = -1, Attractive Buildings = +2, Green Space = +1. Calculate the total EQI score for Site B. Show your working. [2 marks]

(b) (i) The total EQI scores calculated for the five sites are: Site A (0m) = -3; Site B (100m) = +1; Site C (200m) = +3; Site D (300m) = +6; Site E (400m) = +8. Describe the relationship shown by these results between environmental quality and distance from the beachfront. [2 marks]
(ii) Based on the EQI scores, what conclusion should the students make regarding Hypothesis 1? Justify your answer using the data provided. [3 marks]
(iii) Suggest three reasons why the environmental quality is lower near the seafront in Sandymouth. [3 marks]

(c) (i) To test Hypothesis 2, the students classified all ground-floor businesses along the transect as either 'tourist-oriented' (e.g. souvenir shops, cafes, amusement arcades) or 'resident-oriented' (e.g. supermarkets, banks, doctors). Define the terms 'convenience goods' and 'comparison goods' and give one example of each that a tourist might purchase. [4 marks]
(ii) Table 2 shows the percentage of tourist-oriented and resident-oriented services at each site:

Table 2:
- Site A (0m): Tourist-oriented = 90%, Resident-oriented = 10%
- Site B (100m): Tourist-oriented = 75%, Resident-oriented = 25%
- Site C (200m): Tourist-oriented = 50%, Resident-oriented = 50%
- Site D (300m): Tourist-oriented = 30%, Resident-oriented = 70%
- Site E (400m): Tourist-oriented = 10%, Resident-oriented = 90%

Evaluate Hypothesis 2. Use data from Table 2 to support your conclusion. [4 marks]
(iii) Explain how a high concentration of tourist-oriented services near the seafront might affect local residents who live in Sandymouth throughout the year. [6 marks]