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ROM is non-volatile memory, meaning it retains its contents even when the computer is turned off. It is pre-programmed with startup instructions (such as the BIOS or UEFI) that the computer needs to boot up.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- b: It is used to store the BIOS/UEFI instructions needed to boot the computer.

Reject all other options.

In a star topology, each individual device is connected to a central node (hub/switch). A failure in an individual device's cable only disconnects that specific device from the network.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- c: Star topology

Reject all other options.

The Date/Time data type is specifically designed to store dates and times, ensuring accurate validation, formatting, and date-based calculations (like age).

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- c: Date/Time

Reject all other options.

In the formula, \(A2\) is a relative cell reference, so when it is copied down one row, it updates to \(A3\). \(\$C\$1\) is an absolute cell reference (indicated by the dollar signs), which means its reference remains fixed as \(\$C\$1\).

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- a: \(=A3*\$C\$1\)

Reject all other options.

The HTML anchor tag, ``, is used to define a hyperlink. The destination of the link is specified inside the `href` attribute.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- b: ``

Reject all other options.

Inserting a page break forces the text after the break to start on a new page, regardless of how much text is added or removed on the previous page.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- b: Page break

Reject all other options.

Phishing is a social engineering attack where fraudsters impersonate legitimate organizations via email to trick individuals into giving away usernames, passwords, or financial details.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- a: Phishing

Reject all other options.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) encrypts communication between the client's web browser and the web server, ensuring secure transmission of web pages.

Award 1 mark for the correct answer:
- b: HTTPS

Reject all other options.

A Virtual Private Network (VPN) encrypts data traffic between the client and the private network, creating a secure connection over public networks such as the internet. This ensures confidentiality and integrity of the transmitted data.

1 mark for the correct answer (b). Reject all other options.

Open-source software licenses make the source code available to users, giving them the freedom to study, modify, and share the software. Proprietary, shareware, and adware do not make their source code publicly available for modification.

1 mark for the correct answer (c). Reject all other options.

When a router receives a packet, it reads the destination IP address from the packet header. It then references its internal routing table to determine the best next hop. Finally, it forwards the packet toward its destination.

1 mark for identifying that the router reads/inspects the destination IP address. 1 mark for referencing/checking the routing table. 1 mark for forwarding the packet to the next node/router.

RAM is volatile, meaning it temporary stores data currently in use and loses it when the device is turned off. It is read-write memory. ROM is non-volatile, storing permanent start-up instructions that are retained without power. It is read-only and cannot easily be modified.

1 mark for correctly comparing volatility (RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile). 1 mark for correctly comparing writeability (RAM can be written to, ROM is read-only).

Improper disposal of computer hardware leads to electronic waste (e-waste). First, computers contain heavy metals like lead and cadmium which can leach into soil and water supplies if left in landfills. Second, if the e-waste is incinerated or processed unsafely, it releases highly toxic fumes into the atmosphere. Third, failing to recycle means valuable finite natural resources and rare earth metals inside the components are permanently lost.

1 mark for mentioning leaching of toxic metals/chemicals into soil or groundwater. 1 mark for mentioning atmospheric pollution/toxic gases from burning/unsafe recycling. 1 mark for mentioning depletion of finite natural resources/lack of recycling of precious metals.

A primary key uniquely identifies each individual record in a table, ensuring no two records are identical (which prevents direct duplicates). Furthermore, in a relational database, tables can be linked by using the primary key as a foreign key in another table. This avoids the need to repeat complete sets of data in multiple places, greatly reducing data redundancy.

1 mark for explaining that it uniquely identifies each record. 1 mark for stating it prevents duplicate records within that table. 1 mark for explaining that linking tables using keys avoids the need to repeat full records in other tables.

With external CSS, styling rules are kept in a single file linked by all HTML pages. If a change is needed (such as background color), it only needs to be updated once in the CSS file, instantly updating all pages. This ensures consistent design across the entire site and significantly reduces maintenance time compared to changing inline styles on every page.

1 mark for stating that styling is managed in a single central file (promoting consistency). 1 mark for explaining that updates or modifications only need to be made once, saving time/effort.

Sorting changes the physical sequence of records in a sheet based on chosen criteria (e.g., A to Z or descending values), but all records remain visible. Filtering, on the other hand, isolates a subset of the data by hiding any records that do not match specific criteria (e.g., only showing products costing over fifty), without deleting or rearranging the remaining hidden data.

1 mark for explaining that sorting changes the order/sequence of all records. 1 mark for explaining that filtering hides records that do not meet criteria. 1 mark for clarifying that filtering does not rearrange or delete data permanently.

Hardware components and peripherals (like printers or graphics cards) are produced by many different manufacturers. An operating system cannot natively know how to communicate with every specific model. A device driver is specialized software that translates the generic instructions of the operating system into the precise signals/commands required by that specific piece of hardware.

1 mark for identifying it as software that acts as a translator/interface. 1 mark for explaining that it enables the operating system to communicate with and control specific hardware peripherals.

A firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks (like the internet). It analyzes packets of data traveling into or out of the network. By comparing this traffic to pre-defined security rules established by the network administrator, the firewall permits legitimate traffic while blocking unauthorized connections or malware packets from entering.

1 mark for stating that it monitors/inspects network traffic entering and leaving the network. 1 mark for explaining that it compares traffic against security rules/filters. 1 mark for stating that it blocks unauthorized access/packets.

A switch reads the destination MAC address of incoming data packets and sends them only to the intended recipient device. In contrast, a hub broadcasts all incoming data packets to every connected port, which causes unnecessary network traffic and data collisions. Using a switch improves overall network performance and enhances security because data is not exposed to other devices on the LAN.

Award 1 mark for identifying a difference in how they route data (e.g., switch directs to target device, hub broadcasts to all).
Award 1 mark for explaining the impact on network performance (e.g., reduced collisions or less unnecessary traffic).
Award 1 mark for explaining the impact on security (e.g., data is not intercepted by other devices).

The environmental impact of disposing of old computer hardware can be reduced by:
1. Reusing: Donating still-functioning computers to local schools, charities, or community centres to extend their useful life.
2. Recycling: Sending broken or obsolete hardware to specialized e-waste recycling facilities that can safely extract valuable metals and dispose of toxic substances.
3. Manufacturer schemes: Utilizing manufacturer take-back schemes where the producer refurbishes or recycles the hardware responsibly.

Award 1 mark for each valid method up to 3 marks:
- Donating/reusing working devices.
- Safe disposal at an authorized e-waste/recycling centre.
- Returning devices to the manufacturer's take-back scheme.
- Selling parts or refurbishing internally for low-demand tasks.
(Do not accept 'throwing in landfill' or 'burning')

A primary key is a field in a database table that uniquely identifies each record (e.g., Student ID). This ensures that no two students can have the same identifier, preventing duplicate records and maintaining data integrity. Additionally, primary keys are essential for creating relationships between tables (e.g., linking a student to their grades in another table using a foreign key).

Award 1 mark for stating that it uniquely identifies each record/student.
Award 1 mark for explaining that it prevents duplicate records/maintains data integrity.
Award 1 mark for explaining that it is used to create relationships (foreign keys) with other tables.

Absolute cell referencing (denoted by dollar signs, e.g., $G$2) locks the cell reference so that it remains constant when the formula is copied or filled down a column. If relative cell referencing (G2) were used, the row number would increment for each row the formula is copied into (becoming G3, G4, etc.), which would point to empty or incorrect cells instead of the static pass mark.

Award 1 mark for explaining that absolute referencing keeps the cell reference locked/fixed when copied.
Award 1 mark for explaining what would happen with relative referencing (it would change/increment to G3, G4, etc.).
Award 1 mark for stating the consequence of using relative referencing (incorrect calculations or errors).

Benefit: SSDs use flash memory and have no moving parts, which provides significantly faster read/write speeds, leading to faster boot times and quicker file access. They are also more durable and less prone to damage if dropped.
Drawback: SSDs are more expensive per gigabyte of storage compared to HDDs, meaning a laptop with an SSD may have less storage capacity for the same price.

Award up to 2 marks for the benefit:
- 1 mark for identifying a benefit (e.g., faster read/write speed, quieter, more durable/shock-resistant, lighter, uses less power).
- 1 mark for explaining the impact of this benefit (e.g., quicker boot up, longer battery life, less likely to fail if dropped).
Award 1 mark for identifying a drawback (e.g., higher cost per GB, lower maximum capacity relative to price, limited write cycles).

Before transmission, encryption algorithms scramble the original data (plain text) into an unreadable format known as cipher text using an encryption key. If an unauthorized user or hacker intercepts the data while it is traveling across the internet, they will not be able to understand or make use of it. The data can only be decrypted back into its readable form (plain text) by the recipient who possesses the corresponding decryption key.

Award 1 mark for explaining that data is scrambled/converted from plain text to cipher text using an algorithm/key.
Award 1 mark for stating that intercepted data is unreadable/meaningless to unauthorized parties.
Award 1 mark for explaining that only the authorized recipient with the correct key can decrypt/read the data.

Including alt text is crucial for two main reasons:
1. Accessibility: Screen readers used by visually impaired visitors can read the alt text aloud, describing the content of the image and ensuring they can understand the context of the page.
2. Technical fallback: If the user has a poor internet connection or if the image file is missing, the browser will display the alt text in place of the image so the user still knows what the image represents.

Award 1 mark for identifying the first reason (accessibility for visually impaired/screen readers) and 1 mark for explaining how it helps (reads the description aloud).
Award 1 mark for identifying the second reason (fallback for slow connections/broken links) and 1 mark for explaining how it helps (displays text in place of the image).
Maximum of 3 marks total.

Tracking cookies are created by third-party advertising networks to monitor a user's browsing activities across multiple websites. They record the pages visited, search terms used, and products viewed. This data is compiled into a detailed profile of the user's behavior, preferences, and interests. This information is then used to serve highly targeted advertisements. Because this tracking often occurs silently in the background without active user awareness, it raises significant privacy concerns regarding unauthorized data collection.

Award 1 mark for stating that tracking cookies monitor/record user browsing history/behavior across multiple sites.
Award 1 mark for explaining that this data is used to build a profile of user interests/habits.
Award 1 mark for describing the privacy impact (e.g., sharing with third-party advertisers, targeted ads, or tracking without active consent).

SSDs are solid-state storage with no moving components (magnetic platters or read/write heads). When a laptop is carried around, it is prone to being dropped or bumped. An HDD can suffer a head crash if bumped while active, causing permanent damage. An SSD is highly shock-resistant, ensuring data remains safe and accessible even with frequent physical movement.

Award 1 mark for identifying that SSDs have no moving parts.
Award 1 mark for explaining that this makes them resistant to physical shocks/impacts.
Award 1 mark for linking this to the prevention of data corruption/drive failure when the laptop is moved.

A router acts as a gateway connecting a LAN to the internet. It receives incoming data packets from devices on the local network, reads the destination IP address of each packet, and forwards them across external networks. It also receives incoming packets from the internet and directs them to the correct local device on the LAN using NAT (Network Address Translation).

Award 1 mark for stating that it connects the local network to an external network/internet.
Award 1 mark for mentioning that it inspects IP addresses of data packets.
Award 1 mark for explaining that it forwards/routes packets along the most efficient path.

A primary key must uniquely identify each record in a table. If 'StudentID' were used alone, it could only appear once in the table, meaning a student could only borrow a single book. By combining 'StudentID' and 'BookID' (as a composite key), the database allows the same student to borrow multiple different books, and different students to borrow the same book, whilst still maintaining a unique key combination for each loan record.

Award 1 mark for stating that a primary key must uniquely identify each record in a table.
Award 1 mark for explaining that a single StudentID would restrict students to borrowing only one book (preventing duplicate StudentID values).
Award 1 mark for explaining that combining StudentID and BookID creates a unique combination that allows multiple loans per student.

When a formula in a spreadsheet is copied to other cells, relative references automatically adjust based on their relative position. An absolute cell reference uses dollar signs (e.g., \(\\$A\\$1\)) to lock the row and column. This ensures that even when the formula is dragged or copied elsewhere, it always refers to the exact data in cell A1 (such as a constant tax rate, discount percentage, or currency conversion rate).

Award 1 mark for explaining that absolute references 'lock' or keep the row/column constant.
Award 1 mark for stating that the reference does not change when the formula is copied or filled to other cells.
Award 1 mark for providing a practical context (e.g., referencing a constant value like a tax rate).

Using an external CSS file decouples the content of a website (HTML) from its presentation (CSS). For maintenance, changes made to a single CSS file automatically update the visual styling across all linked web pages, ensuring consistency and saving time. For performance, web browsers cache the external CSS file after the first page load, reducing the bandwidth needed and speeding up loading times for subsequent pages.

Award 1 mark for stating that styling changes only need to be made in a single file to update the entire website (maintenance).
Award 1 mark for explaining that this ensures consistency across all web pages.
Award 1 mark for explaining that the browser caches the external CSS file, leading to faster load times (performance).

Mail merge combines a master document (template) with a data source (database or spreadsheet). Advantages include:
1. Efficiency/Time-saving: Only one template needs to be created, rather than typing individual letters.
2. Accuracy: Importing data directly from an existing database reduces manual data entry typos.
3. Customization: Allows automatic insertion of personalized fields (names, specific balances, addresses) making the letter professional.

Award 1 mark for each valid advantage up to a maximum of 3:
- Saves time / is faster than writing letters individually.
- Reduces human/transcription errors as data is pulled directly from a data source.
- Personalization of letters (e.g., using customer names/addresses) makes them professional.
- Easy to reuse templates for future mailings.

Phishing emails often have characteristics such as spelling errors, poor grammar, generic greetings (e.g., 'Dear Customer'), and urgent or threatening language demanding immediate action. To verify the sender's identity, the user should never click links within the email. Instead, they should contact the organization directly using known, verified contact details from an official statement or the official website.

Award 1 mark for each of two correct indicators (max 2 marks):
- Spelling/grammar mistakes.
- Generic greetings (e.g., 'Dear Customer').
- Urgent/threatening tone.
- Suspicious/fake sender email domain.
- Links that do not match the organization's official domain.
Award 1 mark for a valid verification action:
- Contacting the organization through independent trusted channels (official phone number, separate browser search to official site) - DO NOT accept 'replying to the email' or 'clicking the link provided'.

In symmetric encryption, a single private key is shared between the sender and receiver. The sender uses this key to encrypt the plaintext into ciphertext before transmitting it. Upon receipt, the recipient uses the exact same key to decrypt the ciphertext back into plaintext. The primary risk is key distribution: if the key is intercepted or shared insecurely, the security of the communication is entirely compromised.

Award 1 mark for explaining that the same (single) key is used for both encryption and decryption.
Award 1 mark for explaining that plaintext is converted to ciphertext before transmission and decrypted at the destination.
Award 1 mark for stating the risk: if the single key is intercepted or compromised during distribution, all encrypted data can be decrypted by unauthorized parties.

RAW format preserves all the original, uncompressed data captured by the camera's image sensor. This gives the photographer maximum flexibility during editing (post-processing) to correct exposure, shadows, highlights, and white balance without loss of quality. In contrast, JPEG is a lossy compressed format where much of this image data is permanently discarded and cannot be recovered during editing.

Award 1 mark for identifying a feature of RAW format (e.g., uncompressed, preserves all original sensor data). Award 1 mark for explaining the benefit of this feature in post-processing (e.g., greater flexibility to adjust exposure/white balance without degrading image quality). Award 1 mark for contrasting with JPEG (e.g., JPEG is compressed/discards data).

A VPN establishes a secure 'tunnel' over the public internet between the remote employee's device and the company network. All data passing through this tunnel is encrypted (scrambled) using strong cryptographic protocols. Even if a third party or hacker intercepts the data packets, they will be unable to read or understand the content without the corresponding decryption key.

Award 1 mark for mentioning the creation of an encrypted tunnel/connection. Award 1 mark for explaining that the data is scrambled/encrypted. Award 1 mark for stating the consequence (e.g., intercepted data is unreadable or secure from unauthorized access).

Old computer hardware contains hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium. If discarded in a standard landfill, these toxic substances can leak into the environment, contaminating soil and groundwater (e-waste). The school can mitigate this environmental harm by partnering with a certified e-waste recycler to safely extract and recycle raw materials, or by donating working computers to community organisations to extend their useful life.

Award 1 mark for identifying an environmental risk (e.g., toxic chemicals/e-waste leaching into soil or landfills). Award 1 mark for identifying a suitable mitigation strategy (e.g., certified e-waste recycling or donation for reuse). Award 1 mark for explaining how this strategy reduces the impact (e.g., prevents toxic materials entering landfill or extends the product lifecycle).

The foreign key in the 'Enrollments' table (typically StudentID) is used to establish a relationship with the 'Students' table by referencing its primary key. This ensures that each enrollment record is associated with a valid student. It also maintains referential integrity, preventing the database from adding an enrollment for a non-existent student or deleting a student who still has active enrollment records.

Award 1 mark for identifying that the foreign key references/links to the primary key in the Students table. Award 1 mark for stating that it establishes a relationship between the two tables. Award 1 mark for explaining its role in maintaining referential integrity (e.g., preventing orphaned records or invalid entries).

Advantages of cloud storage include: 1. Scalability: The retail company can easily increase or decrease storage space depending on demand (e.g., peak holiday shopping seasons) without purchasing physical hardware. 2. Accessibility: Employees worldwide can access data simultaneously, improving collaboration across international branches. 3. Maintenance: The cloud provider handles security updates, backups, and physical maintenance, reducing the workload on internal IT staff. 4. Disaster Recovery: Cloud providers have robust backup systems, reducing the risk of data loss from local disasters. Disadvantages include: 1. Connectivity dependence: Accessing data requires a reliable, fast internet connection. Any downtime means employees cannot access critical business data. 2. Security and Privacy: Sensitive customer and financial data is stored on third-party servers, which could be vulnerable to cyberattacks or data breaches. 3. Long-term costs: While initial capital expenditure is lower, ongoing subscription fees can exceed the cost of local storage over time. 4. Data Transfer Speeds: Transferring large volumes of data over the internet can be slower than local network transfers.

Level 1 (1 to 2 marks): The candidate identifies simple advantages or disadvantages of cloud storage, with limited explanation or structure. The response may focus on only one side of the argument and lack context of a retail business. Level 2 (3 to 5 marks): The candidate explains some advantages and disadvantages, demonstrating some understanding. There is an attempt to structure the answer, though it may be unbalanced. Some reference is made to the context of a business. Level 3 (6 to 8 marks): The candidate provides a detailed, balanced discussion covering multiple advantages and disadvantages. The answer is well-structured, uses appropriate ICT terminology, and is clearly set in the context of an international retail company (e.g., global accessibility, scalability for seasonal demand). A reasoned conclusion is provided.

Environmental issues include: 1. Toxic Contamination: Digital devices contain harmful substances like lead, mercury, and cadmium. When sent to landfill, these toxic materials can leak into the soil and water systems, poisoning local ecosystems. 2. Air Pollution: Incineration of e-waste releases toxic chemicals into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution and health hazards. 3. Resource Depletion: Precious metals (such as gold, silver, and copper) are lost when devices are discarded, increasing the need for environmentally damaging mining activities to extract raw materials. Measures to minimize impact include: For Individuals: 1. Recycling: Disposing of old devices at certified e-waste recycling centres. 2. Donating or Reselling: Extending the lifespan of devices by donating them to schools, charities, or selling them second-hand. 3. Repairing: Opting to repair damaged components rather than replacing the entire device. For Organizations: 1. Sustainable Procurement: Purchasing energy-efficient, durable, or modular devices that are easier to upgrade and repair. 2. Virtualisation: Using virtual servers and cloud services to reduce the amount of physical hardware required in offices. 3. Implementing formal IT disposal policies to ensure all redundant hardware is securely wiped and responsibly recycled through certified vendors.

Level 1 (1 to 2 marks): The candidate identifies simple environmental issues or measures (e.g., recycling, pollution) without detailed explanation. The answer lacks structure and may focus only on either problems or solutions. Level 2 (3 to 5 marks): The candidate explains some environmental issues and measures, showing a reasonable understanding of the impact of e-waste. There is an attempt at structure, with some distinction between individual and organizational actions. Level 3 (6 to 8 marks): The candidate provides a detailed and balanced discussion covering both environmental impacts and a variety of realistic measures for both individuals and organizations. The response is well-structured, uses accurate terminology, and demonstrates a clear understanding of sustainability in the ICT lifecycle.

To complete this practical task:
1. Open your vector graphics software (e.g., Inkscape, Adobe Illustrator).
2. Set up a canvas and ensure the background is set to transparent.
3. Draw a circle: Use the Ellipse tool while holding the Ctrl/Shift key to make it a perfect circle. Set the fill color to #90EE90 (light green) and apply a dark green stroke/border.
4. Draw the icons: Use the Pen/Bezier tool to draw a simplified leaf shape and circular bicycle spokes or wheel outline inside the circle. Position them centrally.
5. Add text: Select the Text tool, type "GreenWheels", and choose a sans-serif font (e.g., Arial or Myriad Pro). Highlight "Green" and change its color to dark green. Highlight "Wheels" and change its color to charcoal grey. Place the text neatly underneath the circular logo.
6. Grouping: Select all the drawn paths, the circle, and the text, then group them (Ctrl+G).
7. Save/Export: Go to File > Save As and select SVG format, naming it "GW_Logo.svg". Go to File > Export (or Export PNG Image), set the width to 400 pixels (maintaining aspect ratio), choose transparent background, and save as "GW_Logo.png".

Award up to 7 marks as follows:
- [1 Mark] Base shape: Perfect circle created with light green fill (#90EE90) and a dark green border.
- [2 Marks] Custom vector shapes: Stylized leaf and bicycle wheel icons successfully drawn using vector pen/path tools and aligned centrally within the circle.
- [1 Mark] Text layout & font: "GreenWheels" is placed below the circle in a clean sans-serif font.
- [1 Mark] Text coloring: "Green" is styled in dark green and "Wheels" is styled in charcoal grey.
- [1 Mark] Grouping: All components of the logo (circle, icons, and text) are grouped as a single combined object.
- [1 Mark] Saving and Exporting: Two files are saved with the correct names ("GW_Logo.svg" and "GW_Logo.png"), with the PNG file scaled to exactly 400px width with a transparent background.

### Task DB1 Solution
(a) The primary key (MemberID) uniquely identifies each member record in the table, ensuring there are no duplicate member profiles.
(b) ActivityID
(c) Using a relational model reduces data redundancy (member details do not have to be repeated for every booking) and prevents update anomalies (if a member changes their phone number, it only needs to be updated once in tblMembers instead of in every booking record).
(d)
- **Validation Rule**: `"M" Or "F" Or "O"` (or `In ("M", "F", "O")`)
- **Validation Text**: `"Please enter M, F, or O only"` (or any user-friendly error warning message stating what went wrong).

### Task DB2 Solution
(a) **SQL Command**:
`INSERT INTO tblBookings (BookingID, MemberID, ActivityID, BookingDate, Attended) VALUES ('BK994', 'MB112', 'AC05', '2024-11-15', False);`
*(Alternatively, entering via a table/form datasheet view: navigate to a new row, type each field value into its respective column).*
(b) Referential integrity ensures that Sam cannot add a booking with MemberID 'MB112' or ActivityID 'AC05' unless those records already exist in the primary tables (`tblMembers` and `tblActivities`). If they do not exist, the system will reject the insert operation.
(c) Data validation is an automatic computer check to ensure data is sensible and conforms to specific rules (e.g., format checks). Data verification is checking that the entered data accurately matches the source data (e.g., double data entry where the email address is typed twice and compared, or visual checking).

### Task DB3 Solution
(a) **SQL Solution**:
`SELECT tblMembers.MemberID, tblMembers.LastName, tblBookings.ActivityID, tblBookings.BookingDate FROM tblMembers INNER JOIN tblBookings ON tblMembers.MemberID = tblBookings.MemberID WHERE tblBookings.Attended = False;`

**QBE Grid Description**:
- Add tables: `tblMembers` and `tblBookings`.
- Fields to display: `MemberID`, `LastName`, `ActivityID`, `BookingDate` (ensure the 'Show' check box is ticked for these).
- Field to filter: `Attended` with criteria set to `False` or `No` (ensure the 'Show' checkbox is unticked for this field if not requested to be visible).
(b) **Unique Values / DISTINCT**: Set the query's property sheet setting "Unique Values" to "Yes" (or use the `SELECT DISTINCT` SQL keyword).

### Task DB4 Solution
1. **Query Construction**:
- Create a query containing fields from `tblMembers` (`FirstName`, `LastName`), `tblActivities` (`ActivityName`, `Fee`), and `tblBookings` (`BookingDate`).
- Set the Criteria under `ActivityName` to: `"Tennis" Or "Squash"`.
2. **Report Wizard / Design setup**:
- Base the new report on this newly created query.
- Choose fields: `FirstName`, `LastName`, `ActivityName`, `Fee`, `BookingDate`.
- Set the grouping level to `ActivityName`.
- Set the sorting level within the group to `LastName` in ascending order.
3. **Adding Summary Statistics**:
- Open the Group Footer for `ActivityName`.
- Add a text box control inside the Group Footer.
- Set the Control Source of the text box to `=Sum([Fee])`.
- Format this text box property as `Currency`.
- Change the associated label text to: `"Total Fees for Activity:"`.
4. **Final Presentation Adjustments**:
- Type a professional report header title: e.g., `"Tennis and Squash Bookings Financial Report"`.
- Switch to layout view to adjust column widths ensuring no data (such as dates) is cut off or shown as `###`.
- Check page setup to ensure it is oriented in Portrait and fits within 1 page wide.

### Task DB1 (6 marks)
- **(a)** 1 mark for identifying that primary key uniquely identifies each record/member.
- **(b)** 1 mark for identifying `ActivityID`.
- **(c)** 2 marks for explaining reduction in data redundancy or prevention of update/delete anomalies.
- **(d)** 1 mark for correct Validation Rule (`"M" Or "F" Or "O"` or syntax equivalent). 1 mark for logical Validation Text warning.

### Task DB2 (6 marks)
- **(a)** 2 marks for correct SQL statement containing valid syntax (or precise sequence of field-value entry in software interface). Deduct 1 mark for minor syntax mistakes.
- **(b)** 2 marks for explaining that foreign key values (MemberID / ActivityID) must already exist in their respective parent tables before a booking can be saved.
- **(c)** 2 marks: 1 mark for distinguishing validation (rules/sensibility check) from verification (matching source data); 1 mark for valid practical example of verification (e.g., typing the email twice).

### Task DB3 (5 marks)
- **(a)** 3 marks for query design:
- 1 mark for choosing correct tables (`tblMembers` and `tblBookings` linked correctly).
- 1 mark for selecting correct output fields (`MemberID`, `LastName`, `ActivityID`, `BookingDate`).
- 1 mark for correct criteria on `Attended = False` / `No`.
- **(b)** 2 marks for explaining `SELECT DISTINCT` / "Unique Values" property implementation to group or hide duplicate members.

### Task DB4 (9 marks)
- **Query/Filter (2 marks)**: 1 mark for filtering by `Tennis` or `Squash`; 1 mark for pulling all requested fields across tables.
- **Grouping & Sorting (2 marks)**: 1 mark for grouping correctly by `ActivityName`; 1 mark for sorting ascending by `LastName`.
- **Calculation (3 marks)**: 1 mark for calculating total fee using `=Sum([Fee])` in the correct group footer section; 1 mark for formatting calculation as Currency; 1 mark for adding a clear, appropriate label.
- **Layout & Structure (2 marks)**: 1 mark for professional title; 1 mark for ensuring portrait orientation fits 1 page wide with no text truncation.

(a) The HTML code required to create the hyperlink is: <a href="booking.html" target="_blank">Book Now</a>

(b) The HTML code required to display the image is: <img src="images/bike.png" alt="Hybrid bicycle" height="200" width="300" />

(c) (i) Advantage of external style sheet: It ensures consistent styling across all pages of the website, and any change made in the single CSS file automatically updates all linked pages.
(ii) The HTML code to link the stylesheet is: <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

(d) (i) The CSS rule does the following: Sets the text color of all h1 headings to red (#FF0000); Sets the font to Arial, or if Arial is unavailable, falls back to the system's default sans-serif font; Centers the text alignment of all h1 headings.
(ii) The CSS rule is: p { color: #333333; font-size: 14px; }
(iii) Benefit of fallback font: If the user's computer does not have 'Arial' installed, the browser will display a generic sans-serif font instead of defaulting to a serif font (like Times New Roman). This maintains the clean, modern look of the webpage and ensures readability for the user.

(a) [3 Marks]
- 1 mark for correct use of <a> and </a> tags with the anchor text 'Book Now'.
- 1 mark for correct href attribute linking to 'booking.html'.
- 1 mark for correct target="_blank" attribute.

(b) [4 Marks]
- 1 mark for using the correct <img> tag.
- 1 mark for correct relative src path ("images/bike.png").
- 1 mark for correct alt text ("Hybrid bicycle").
- 1 mark for correct height="200" and width="300" dimensions.

(c) (i) [1 Mark]
- 1 mark for explaining that changes can be made in one place to update multiple pages, or that it improves consistency / reduces file size.
(ii) [2 Marks]
- 1 mark for <link rel="stylesheet" ... >.
- 1 mark for href="styles.css".

(d) (i) [3 Marks]
- 1 mark for stating it makes the h1 text red.
- 1 mark for stating it sets the font to Arial or a generic sans-serif font.
- 1 mark for stating it centers the text alignment.
(ii) [2 Marks]
- 1 mark for using the correct 'p' selector and braces.
- 1 mark for correct style declarations (color: #333333; font-size: 14px;).
(iii) [2 Marks]
- 1 mark for identifying that it acts as a backup if Arial is not installed on the user's system.
- 1 mark for explaining that this preserves the visual design or readability of the page by ensuring a clean, modern sans-serif font is still used.

Part (a): The formula in cell E2 is `=C2*D2` or `=PRODUCT(C2, D2)`. Part (b): The formula in cell G2 is `=IF(F2="YES", E2*0.15, 0)` or `=IF(F2="YES", E2*15%, 0)`. Part (c): The formula in cell H2 is `=E2-G2`. Part (d): Apply currency formatting (such as $) and set decimal places to 2. Part (e): The formula in cell C2 is `=VLOOKUP(B2, $K$2:$L$4, 2, FALSE)` or `=VLOOKUP(B2, K2:L4, 2, FALSE)`. Part (f): 1. Highlight the header row (A1:H1) and click 'Filter' in the Data tab. 2. Click the drop-down arrow in the Scooter Type column header and select/tick only 'Premium'. 3. Click the drop-down arrow in the Rental Days column header, go to Number Filters -> Greater Than, and type 5.

Part (a) [1 mark]: 1 mark for correct formula `=C2*D2`. Part (b) [3 marks]: 1 mark for correct IF structure with correct condition: `F2="YES"`, 1 mark for correct value if true: `E2*0.15` (or `E2*15%`), 1 mark for correct value if false: `0`. Part (c) [1 mark]: 1 mark for correct formula `=E2-G2`. Part (d) [2 marks]: 1 mark for stating currency symbol, 1 mark for stating 2 decimal places. Part (e) [4.5 marks]: 1 mark for correct lookup value `B2`, 1.5 marks for correct table array `$K$2:$L$4` (accept relative references `K2:L4`), 1 mark for correct column index number `2`, 1 mark for correct range lookup argument `FALSE` or `0` (for exact match). Part (f) [4 marks]: 1 mark for enabling the filter feature on the header row, 1.5 marks for selecting/filtering 'Premium' under Scooter Type, 1.5 marks for applying a numeric filter of 'Greater Than 5' on Rental Days.

Part (a): The formula in cell E2 is `=D2*$K$1`. Part (b): The formula in cell F2 is `=IF(C2="Bronze", E2*0.1, 0)` or `=IF(C2="Bronze", E2*10%, 0)`. Part (c): The formula in cell G2 is `=E2+F2`. Part (d): The formula in cell K5 is `=SUMIF(C2:C50, "Gold", G2:G50)`. Part (e): To make all data visible, select columns A to G and double-click the boundary between any column header to auto-fit, or use Format -> AutoFit Column Width. To print gridlines, go to the Page Layout tab, Sheet Options group, and check 'Print' under Gridlines. Part (f): 1. Select the range A2:G50. 2. On the Data tab, click Sort. 3. In the dialog, set Sort by to 'Membership Level' and Order to 'A to Z'. 4. Click 'Add Level'. 5. Set 'Then by' to 'Final Total' and Order to 'Largest to Smallest'.

Part (a) [2 marks]: 1 mark for relative reference of sessions `D2` multiplied by rate, 1 mark for absolute reference `$K$1`. Part (b) [3.5 marks]: 1 mark for correct condition `C2="Bronze"`, 1.5 marks for correct surcharge calculation `E2*0.1` (or `E2*10%`), 1 mark for correct alternative value `0` when false. Part (c) [1 mark]: 1 mark for correct addition formula `=E2+F2`. Part (d) [4 marks]: 1 mark for using `SUMIF` function, 1 mark for correct range `C2:C50`, 1 mark for correct criteria `"Gold"`, 1 mark for correct sum range `G2:G50`. Part (e) [2 marks]: 1 mark for describing auto-fitting columns / adjusting widths, 1 mark for checking 'Print' under Gridlines in page setup. Part (f) [3 marks]: 1 mark for selecting range and opening Sort dialog, 1 mark for setting primary sort (Membership Level, ascending/A-Z), 1 mark for adding secondary sort (Final Total, descending/Largest to Smallest).

(a) A tri-fold leaflet is superior to a flat flyer for this scenario because:
1. It divides the document into six distinct panels, allowing information (e.g., pricing, routes, safety, contact details) to be structured logically.
2. It folds into a compact size, making it highly suitable for standard tourist info display racks and easy for tourists to carry.
3. It creates a physical narrative flow as the reader unfolds the leaflet panel by panel.

(b) Key features of a house style include:
1. Color Palette: Limiting the design to a set of 2-3 specific brand colors (e.g., green and charcoal for EcoRide) to establish immediate recognition.
2. Typography: Using a consistent pair of fonts (e.g., one sans-serif for headings, one for body text) with defined sizes/weights.
3. Corporate Branding Elements: Consistent placement of the company logo, header/footer layouts, and specific graphic styles.

(c) Image integration:
(i) 1. Text Wrapping: Setting the wrap style (such as 'Square' or 'Tight') so that body text automatically flows around the boundaries of the image instead of being obscured.
2. Image Padding/Gutter margins: Adding a small clearance space around the image borders to prevent the text from pressing directly against the edge of the graphic.
(ii) Cropping.

(d) Benefits of templates:
1. Efficiency/Time Saving: The layout, margins, and styles are pre-configured, meaning creators do not need to build layouts from scratch each time.
2. Brand Consistency: It ensures all documents produced by different staff members adhere strictly to the established house style, protecting brand identity.

(e) Final layout errors:
1. Widows and Orphans: A single line of a paragraph left stranded at the top or bottom of a column/panel, disrupting readability.
2. Text Truncation/Overflow: Text cut off or hidden because a text box is too small, or text overlapping adjacent images/borders.

(a) Award up to 3 marks:
- 1 mark for mentioning structural/panel organization.
- 1 mark for physical convenience (compact size/fitting into racks).
- 1 mark for progressive disclosure of information as panels are opened.

(b) Award up to 3 marks:
- 1 mark for identifying a consistent color scheme/palette.
- 1 mark for identifying consistent font choices/typography.
- 1 mark for consistent branding elements/logo placement.

(c)(i) Award up to 4 marks:
- 1 mark for identifying 'Text Wrapping' (or wrapping style).
- 1 mark for explaining how it pushes text around the graphic.
- 1 mark for identifying adjustment of borders/margins/white space around the image.
- 1 mark for explaining how it prevents crowding or overlapping.
(c)(ii) Award 1 mark:
- 1 mark for 'Cropping' (or Crop tool).

(d) Award up to 4 marks:
- 1 mark for identifying time-saving/efficiency + 1 mark for explanation (pre-built grids/margins).
- 1 mark for identifying brand consistency + 1 mark for explanation (preventing user errors and deviation from corporate identity).

(e) Award up to 4 marks:
- 1 mark for identifying widow/orphan lines + 1 mark for explaining why it must be corrected (looks unprofessional/breaks paragraph unity).
- 1 mark for identifying text box overflow/overlap + 1 mark for explaining why it must be corrected (loss of critical information/unreadable text).