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Under Porfirio Diaz's regime (1876–1911), land policies favored large estate holders (hacendados) and foreign corporations, leaving over 90 percent of the rural population landless. The Land Law of 1883 and subsequent decrees allowed surveying companies to claim \"vacant\" communal lands (ejidos), forcing indigenous populations and peasants into debt peonage. However, candidates should also consider other significant causes: political stagnation under the Porfiriato, the lack of democratic representation, the suppression of labor strikes (such as Cananea and Rio Blanco), and the rise of middle-class opposition led by Francisco Madero following the Creelman interview. A balanced response will weigh the socio-economic grievances of the rural masses against the political and industrial factors that catalyzed the revolution.

Marks are awarded using the generic IB Diploma Programme History HL paper 3 markbands (15-mark scale):
- 13–15: Focus is clear and maintained. Knowledge is detailed, accurate, and diverse. Discussion is highly analytical, presenting a well-supported, balanced argument that addresses alternative perspectives.
- 10–12: Focus is generally maintained. Analysis is present with a clear, structured argument, supported by relevant and accurate historical knowledge, though some minor imbalances may exist.
- 7–9: The response is structured but tends to be descriptive rather than analytical. Some relevant historical knowledge is demonstrated, but there may be gaps or inaccuracies.
- 4–6: The response has some structure but is largely descriptive. Knowledge is limited, generalized, or inaccurate.
- 1–3: The response is poorly structured, highly narrative, or irrelevant to the question.

The revolutions of 1848–1849 in the German states failed due to a combination of internal divisions and external conservative strength. The Frankfurt Parliament was dominated by middle-class intellectuals who lacked practical political experience and struggled with major ideological divisions, notably the debate between a Grossdeutschland (including Austria) and a Kleindeutschland (excluding Austria) solution. Furthermore, there was a deep socio-economic divide between moderate liberals, who sought constitutional reforms, and radical democrats/socialists, who demanded radical social change, alienating the conservative peasantry and middle class. Crucially, the revolutionaries lacked military power and relied on the existing armies of Prussia and Austria, which ultimately remained loyal to their respective monarchs. When Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia refused the \"crown from the gutter\" in April 1849, the constitutional movement lost its main hope for political legitimacy, allowing the old order to re-establish control.

Marks are awarded using the generic IB Diploma Programme History HL paper 3 markbands (15-mark scale):
- 13–15: Focus is clear and maintained. Knowledge is detailed, accurate, and diverse. Discussion is highly analytical, presenting a well-supported, balanced argument that addresses alternative perspectives.
- 10–12: Focus is generally maintained. Analysis is present with a clear, structured argument, supported by relevant and accurate historical knowledge, though some minor imbalances may exist.
- 7–9: The response is structured but tends to be descriptive rather than analytical. Some relevant historical knowledge is demonstrated, but there may be gaps or inaccuracies.
- 4–6: The response has some structure but is largely descriptive. Knowledge is limited, generalized, or inaccurate.
- 1–3: The response is poorly structured, highly narrative, or irrelevant to the question.

British policy during this period was marked by conflicting commitments and administrative challenges that exacerbated tensions between the Arab and Jewish populations. The Balfour Declaration of 1917 committed Britain to supporting a \"national home for the Jewish people,\" which conflicted with the promises of Arab independence made in the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the general expectations of the Arab majority. British administration of the League of Nations Mandate struggled to balance these obligations. Key policies that fueled conflict included the facilitation of Jewish immigration and land purchases, which led to the displacement of Arab tenant farmers and economic anxiety. The British response to growing unrest—such as the Hope Simpson Enquiry, the Passfield White Paper, and the Peel Commission of 1937—often pleased neither side and created a sense of betrayal. The violent suppression of the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt further polarized the region, making peaceful co-existence highly unlikely by the outbreak of World War II.

Marks are awarded using the generic IB Diploma Programme History HL paper 3 markbands (15-mark scale):
- 13–15: Focus is clear and maintained. Knowledge is detailed, accurate, and diverse. Discussion is highly analytical, presenting a well-supported, balanced argument that addresses alternative perspectives.
- 10–12: Focus is generally maintained. Analysis is present with a clear, structured argument, supported by relevant and accurate historical knowledge, though some minor imbalances may exist.
- 7–9: The response is structured but tends to be descriptive rather than analytical. Some relevant historical knowledge is demonstrated, but there may be gaps or inaccuracies.
- 4–6: The response has some structure but is largely descriptive. Knowledge is limited, generalized, or inaccurate.
- 1–3: The response is poorly structured, highly narrative, or irrelevant to the question.