Cambridge International A Level · Geography (9696)

Economic transition: Practice Questions

5 multiple-choice questions marked as you go, and 5 written questions with worked solutions. All on Economic transition.

10 questions31 marksFree, no account

Question 1

1 mark

In the context of economic transition, which of the following is the most significant factor leading to the emergence of the quaternary sector in High Income Countries (HICs)?

Question 2

1 mark

According to Myrdal’s theory of cumulative causation, how do backwash effects specifically impact the periphery during the early stages of regional development?

Question 3

1 mark

The New International Division of Labour (NIDL) has led to significant changes in global production. What is the primary reason TNCs relocate low-skill assembly tasks to Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) while keeping R&D in HICs?

Question 4

1 mark

In the context of regional development within a country, which process is most likely to lead to regional convergence over the long term?

Question 5

1 mark

According to Friedmann’s core–periphery model of regional development, which of the following best describes the characteristics of the Upward Transition Regions during the stage of industrialisation?

Question 6

3 marks

Describe the primary difference between offshoring and outsourcing in the context of a Transnational Corporation (TNC) managing its global production network.

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Question 7

6 marks

In the context of the New International Division of Labour (NIDL), evaluate why backwash effects may intensify in the periphery of a developing nation when a core region experiences rapid Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

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Question 8

4 marks

Using the concept of cumulative causation, explain how a regional initial advantage, such as a natural harbour, leads to the process of regional divergence.

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Question 9

5 marks

Using the concept of cumulative causation, explain how initial advantages in a specific region can lead to regional divergence within a country.

In your answer, you should:
(a) Define the process of cumulative causation.
(b) Explain how 'spread effects' and 'backwash effects' influence the development of the periphery in relation to the core region.

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Question 10

8 marks

With reference to Gunnar Myrdal’s model of cumulative causation, evaluate the extent to which spread effects can successfully counteract backwash effects to achieve regional convergence within a country.

In your response, you should:
(a) Explain the mechanisms by which backwash effects reinforce the dominance of a core region.
(b) Assess how government regional development policies might enhance spread effects to reduce regional disparities.

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