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Biology (9477)
6 sections available · 44 chapters available
Free Biology (9477) study notes for GCE A-Level - Higher 2 (H2) students. Each chapter covers a key topic with examples and practice prompts you can continue inside the thinka app.
The Cell and Biomolecules of Life
The cell theory
Outline functions of membrane systems and organelles in cells
The structure of a typical bacterial cell
The structures of biomolecules and their functions
The fluid mosaic model of membrane structure
Mode of action of enzymes
Stem cells
Genetics and Inheritance
DNA – structure and function
Central Dogma – DNA to RNA, RNA to protein
The structure of eukaryotic chromatin
The genetics of viruses
The genetics of bacteria
Genome organisation at the DNA level
Control of gene expression
DNA analysis and genomics
Mutations
Replication and division of nuclei and cells
Understanding of chromosome number and variation
Effect of meiosis on chromosome number and variation
The molecular biology of cancer
The passage of information from parents to offspring
Genotypes and phenotypes
Dihybrid crosses
Linkage and crossing-over
Interaction between loci
The effect of genotype and environment on the phenotype
Energy and Equilibrium
The need for energy in living organisms
Photosynthesis as an energy-trapping process
Respiration as an energy-releasing process
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
An overview of cell signalling and communication
Biological Evolution
The concept of the species
The neo-Darwinian revolution
Variation, natural selection and evolution
Evidence of evolution
Classification
Infectious Diseases
The immune system – adaptive and innate
Genetic recombination
Modes of viral and bacterial infections
Vaccination and modes of action of antibiotics
Impact of Climate Change on Animals and Plants
Human activities that contribute to climate change
Effects of climate change on the environment, plants and animals
Impact on biodiversity, biomedicines and the global food supply
Viral dengue disease in humans and how global warming affects its spread
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