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Chemistry (8873)

9セクション

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

The nucleus of the atom: neutrons and protons, isotopes, proton and nucleon numbers
Electrons: electronic energy levels, ionisation energies, atomic orbitals, extranuclear structure

CHEMICAL BONDING

Ionic bonding, metallic bonding, covalent bonding and co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
Shapes of simple molecules and bond angles
Bond polarities and polarity of molecules
Intermolecular forces, including hydrogen bonding
Bond energies and bond lengths
Lattice structure of solids
Bonding and physical properties

THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

Arrhenius and Brønsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases
Acid dissociation constants, Ka
Base dissociation constants, Kb
The ionic product of water, Kw
pH: choice of indicators
Buffer solutions

THE PERIODIC TABLE

The Periodic Table

THE MOLE CONCEPT AND STOICHIOMETRY

Relative masses of atoms and molecules
The mole, the Avogadro constant
The calculation of empirical and molecular formulae
Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)
Redox processes: electron transfer and changes in oxidation number (oxidation state)

CHEMICAL ENERGETICS: THERMOCHEMISTRY

Enthalpy changes: ΔH, of formation; combustion; neutralisation; bond energy; lattice energy
Hess’ Law

REACTION KINETICS

Simple rate equations; orders of reaction; rate constants
Concept of activation energy
Effect of concentration, temperature, and catalysts on reaction rate
Heterogenous catalysts
Enzymes as biological catalysts

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA

Chemical equilibria: reversible reactions; dynamic equilibrium

POLYMERS AND ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Empirical, molecular and structural formulae
Functional groups and the naming of organic compounds
Common terms for organic reactions
Isomerism: constitutional (structural); cis-trans
Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds
Alkanes (as exemplified by ethane)
Alkenes (as exemplified by ethene)
Halogenoalkanes (as exemplified by bromoethane)
Alcohols (as exemplified by ethanol)
Aldehydes (as exemplified by ethanal)
Ketones (as exemplified by propanone)
Carboxylic acids (as exemplified by ethanoic acid)
Amino acids (as exemplified by aminoethanoic acid)
Structure and uses of polymers

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