Contextualizing Renaissance and Discovery: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.To find a northern passage to the Americas to escape Spanish influence.
• b.To establish a democratic republic in the New World.
• c.To discover a land route through the Sahara desert to China.
• d.To find a direct sea route to the Asian spice trade and bypass Mediterranean intermediaries.

• a.The ability to be both a 'lion' and a 'fox', balancing strength with cunning.
• b.The complete abolition of a standing military in favor of mercenary peacekeepers.
• c.A reliance on the collective consensus of the peasant class for all decisions.
• d.Unwavering adherence to Christian moral virtues regardless of political cost.

• a.It divided non-European territories between Spain and Portugal along a meridian, largely securing Brazil for Portugal and the rest of the Americas for Spain.
• b.It banned all European exploration of the Indian Ocean to preserve the monopoly of the Ottoman Empire.
• c.It created a military alliance between the Aztec Empire and the Spanish Crown against the Incas.
• d.It ended the Hundred Years' War and established the modern borders between France and England.

• a.The rejection of all religious authority in favor of purely scientific inquiry.
• b.A focus on the study of classical Greek and Roman texts to improve human society and individual virtue.
• c.A total abandonment of urban life for a return to feudal agricultural structures.
• d.The belief that the afterlife is the only meaningful focus for artistic and literary production.

• a.The Hanseatic League expanded its control to dominate the spice trade in the South China Sea.
• b.Economic power shifted from the Mediterranean city-states to the Atlantic powers as new global trade networks were established.
• c.The feudal manorial system was strengthened as peasants were granted ownership of the land to increase production.
• d.Insurance companies were banned by the Church, leading to a decline in maritime investments and long-distance voyages.

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