Control and coordination: แบบฝึกหัด

Which type of neurone is responsible for transmitting impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to an effector such as a muscle or gland?

When the sensory hairs on a Venus flytrap lobe are touched twice within a short period, the trap closes rapidly. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this rapid closure?

During the sliding filament model of muscular contraction, what is the specific role of ATP binding to the myosin head?

Which feature is characteristic of the mammalian endocrine system when compared to the nervous system?

The maintenance of a resting potential of approximately \(-70\) mV across an axon membrane involves the sodium-potassium pump. Which statement correctly describes the action of this pump?

State the effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the permeability of the collecting duct walls in the mammalian kidney.

Explain how the myelin sheath and the nodes of Ranvier contribute to the rapid transmission of an impulse in a neurone.

Explain why a cholinergic synapse allows for unidirectional transmission of a nerve impulse, referring to the distribution of vesicles and receptors.

The mammalian body uses two main systems for coordination. Compare the features of the nervous system and the endocrine system.
In your answer, identify four specific differences between these systems regarding the nature of the signal, the speed of transmission, the duration of the effect, and the area of the body affected.

The transmission of a nerve impulse depends on changes in the membrane potential of a neurone.
(a) Explain how the resting potential of approximately \( -70 \) mV is maintained across the axon membrane, referring to the movement of \( Na^+ \) and \( K^+ \) ions.
(b) Describe the events that occur during the refractory period and explain how this period determines the frequency and direction of impulse transmission.