Economic transition: แบบฝึกหัด

In the context of economic transition, which of the following is the most significant factor leading to the emergence of the quaternary sector in High Income Countries (HICs)?

According to Myrdal’s theory of cumulative causation, how do backwash effects specifically impact the periphery during the early stages of regional development?

The New International Division of Labour (NIDL) has led to significant changes in global production. What is the primary reason TNCs relocate low-skill assembly tasks to Newly Industrialised Countries (NICs) while keeping R&D in HICs?

In the context of regional development within a country, which process is most likely to lead to regional convergence over the long term?

According to Friedmann’s core–periphery model of regional development, which of the following best describes the characteristics of the Upward Transition Regions during the stage of industrialisation?

Describe the primary difference between offshoring and outsourcing in the context of a Transnational Corporation (TNC) managing its global production network.

In the context of the New International Division of Labour (NIDL), evaluate why backwash effects may intensify in the periphery of a developing nation when a core region experiences rapid Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Using the concept of cumulative causation, explain how a regional initial advantage, such as a natural harbour, leads to the process of regional divergence.

Using the concept of cumulative causation, explain how initial advantages in a specific region can lead to regional divergence within a country.

In your answer, you should:
(a) Define the process of cumulative causation.
(b) Explain how 'spread effects' and 'backwash effects' influence the development of the periphery in relation to the core region.

With reference to Gunnar Myrdal’s model of cumulative causation, evaluate the extent to which spread effects can successfully counteract backwash effects to achieve regional convergence within a country.

In your response, you should:
(a) Explain the mechanisms by which backwash effects reinforce the dominance of a core region.
(b) Assess how government regional development policies might enhance spread effects to reduce regional disparities.