General physical and characteristic chemical properties of the first set of transition elements, scandium to copper: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.The ability to conduct electricity in both the solid and molten states.
• b.The ability to form stable ions in a variety of oxidation states.
• c.The ability to react vigorously with cold water to produce an alkaline solution.
• d.The ability to form ionic compounds when reacting with chlorine gas.

• a.

  The additional electrons enter the inner \(3d\) subshell, which provides effective shielding that balances the increase in nuclear charge.

• b.

  The nuclear charge remains constant across the period while electrons are added to the \(4s\) orbital.

• c.

  Electrons are added to the outermost \(4p\) orbital, shielding the nucleus from valence electrons.

• d.

  Transition elements experience a rapid decrease in atomic mass which offsets the changes in nuclear charge.

• a.

  Their atomic radii show a large and steady increase from \(Sc\) to \(Cu\) as more electrons are added to the \(3d\) subshell.

• b.

  They are significantly softer than calcium because the filling of the \(d\) orbitals reduces the overall strength of the metallic lattice.

• c.

  They generally have much higher melting points because both \(3d\) and \(4s\) electrons can be delocalised into the sea of electrons for metallic bonding.

• d.

  They have much lower densities than calcium because their atomic radii are significantly larger across the period.

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