Foundation - Perspectives, Systems, Sustainability: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.

  A hypothetical planet that reflects all incoming solar radiation and maintains a constant amount of matter.

• b.

  A sealed glass jar containing a small, self-sustaining ecosystem that allows no exchange of matter with the outside environment.

• c.

  A tropical rainforest ecosystem where both matter and energy are exchanged with the surrounding environment.

• d.

  A perfectly insulated container where neither energy nor matter can enter or leave.

• a.Cornucopian
• b.Deep Ecologist
• c.Self-reliance soft technologist
• d.Ecocentric

• a.Natural Income must be greater than Natural Capital to ensure growth.
• b.Natural Capital is the annual yield obtained from Natural Income.
• c.Sustainability is achieved when the extraction rate of resources does not exceed the Natural Income.
• d.Natural Income is the total stock of all environmental assets at a fixed point in time.

• a.Technocentric: Cornucopian
• b.Ecocentric: Deep ecologist
• c.Anthropocentric: Managerial approach
• d.Ecocentric: Self-reliance soft technologist

• a.

  Both would agree that the maximum sustainable yield is irrelevant if the natural income is being reinvested.

• b.

  The ecocentrist would advocate for no-take marine reserves and reduced demand, while the technocentrist would advocate for high-tech sonar and genetically modified fish breeding.

• c.

  The ecocentrist would advocate for large-scale aquaculture technology, while the technocentrist would suggest reducing human consumption.

• d.

  The ecocentrist would support market-based carbon taxes, while the technocentrist would advocate for the inherent rights of fish.

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