Alfred Jules Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.

  A statement is meaningful if and only if it is empirically verifiable or a tautology.

• b.

  A statement holds meaning if it expresses a moral command or an aesthetic judgment.

• c.

  A statement is meaningful if and only if it can be logically deduced from other meaningful statements.

• d.

  A statement's meaning is determined by its practical implications and usefulness.

• a.

  Are commands that can be objectively true or false based on divine will.

• b.

  Can be derived from logical principles and are universally binding.

• c.

  Are expressions of the speaker's feelings or attitudes and are not factual statements.

• d.

  Express empirically verifiable facts about the world.

• a.

  Analytic and a priori, because its truth is determined solely by the meaning of its terms and known independently of experience.

• b.

  Analytic and a posteriori, as its truth depends on experience but is necessarily true.

• c.

  Synthetic and a posteriori, because its truth requires empirical verification.

• d.

  Synthetic and a priori, because its truth is known independently of experience but adds new information.

• a.

  It can be verified indirectly through a chain of deductive reasoning.

• b.

  It is logically consistent with any possible future experience.

• c.

  Its truth can be definitively established beyond any possible doubt by experience.

• d.

  It is possible for experience to render it probable, even if not conclusively verifiable.

• a.

  Meaningful insofar as they express subjective feelings or cultural values.

• b.

  Empirically verifiable in principle, given advanced technology.

• c.

  Not literally meaningful, as they are neither tautologies nor empirically verifiable.

• d.

  Cognitively meaningful but factually false.

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