Infection and response: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.

  Mutations produce new strains; antibiotics kill non-resistant bacteria, allowing resistant individuals to survive and reproduce.

• b.

  Bacteria develop resistance by being exposed to low doses of antibiotics, which they then pass on to their offspring.

• c.

  Antibiotics cause the bacteria to mutate specifically into resistant forms to ensure their survival.

• d.

  The immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the bacteria to become resistant to the drugs.

• a.The vaccine only stimulates phagocytosis, which is ineffective against mutated viral cells.
• b.Mutated pathogens reproduce inside white blood cells, preventing them from releasing memory cells.
• c.The mutation allows the pathogen to produce toxins that neutralise existing antitoxins.
• d.The white blood cells cannot rapidly produce the correct antibodies because they do not recognise the mutated antigens.

• a.

  They produce poisons called toxins that make the person feel ill.

• b.

  They produce antitoxins that counteract the body's natural antibodies.

• c.

  They undergo phagocytosis to ingest healthy white blood cells.

• d.

  They live and reproduce inside cells, causing cell damage.

• a.

  Antibiotics are introduced into the bloodstream to kill any bacteria that might enter the body in the future.

• b.

  The body is stimulated to produce specialized phagocytes that remember the surface antigens of the pathogen forever.

• c.

  Small quantities of dead or inactive pathogens stimulate white blood cells to produce specific antibodies, enabling a rapid response to future infections.

• d.

  The vaccine introduces antitoxins that directly neutralise any poisons produced by viruses living inside cells.

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