Cholera: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.The permanent closure of aquaporins in the intestinal cell-surface membrane.
• b.The secretion of chloride ions into the lumen, lowering the water potential.
• c.The active transport of \( \text{Na}^+ \) ions into the lumen of the intestine.
• d.The hydrolysis of murein in the host cell wall by bacterial enzymes.

• a.It competitively inhibits the binding of the cholera toxin to the receptors on the ileum.
• b.It allows sodium ions to be taken up by co-transport, which decreases the water potential of the epithelial cells.
• c.It provides the energy required for the active transport of water through the epithelium.
• d.It increases the water potential of the intestinal lumen, encouraging osmosis into the blood.

• a.Chloride ions (\(Cl^-\)) are secreted into the lumen, lowering its water potential and causing water to move out of the blood by osmosis.
• b.The active transport of sodium ions (\(Na^+\)) into the intestinal cells is increased, raising the water potential of the lumen.
• c.The concentration of proteins in the intestinal lumen increases, creating a water potential gradient into the cells.
• d.The toxin blocks the carrier proteins used for the facilitated diffusion of water into the blood.

• a.It provides a steady supply of glucose for \(Na^+\) co-transport without significantly lowering the water potential of the lumen.
• b.Starch increases the water potential of the intestinal lumen, allowing more water to be absorbed by simple diffusion.
• c.The starch molecules bind directly to the cholera toxin, preventing it from entering the epithelial cells.
• d.Starch molecules are absorbed by the epithelial cells via endocytosis, which is faster than the co-transport of glucose.

• a.The experimental group must be given the new ORS while the control group receives no treatment to maximize the statistical difference.
• b.Patients who are most severely dehydrated should be excluded from the trial to avoid affecting the mortality statistics.
• c.To ensure reliable results, the trial must be conducted without the knowledge of the local health authorities.
• d.All participants must be fully informed that the experimental treatment might be less effective than the standard ORS before giving consent.

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ลองเขียนคำตอบด้วยตัวเองก่อน แล้วค่อยเทียบกับวิธีทำ

ลองเขียนคำตอบด้วยตัวเองก่อน แล้วค่อยเทียบกับวิธีทำ

ลองเขียนคำตอบด้วยตัวเองก่อน แล้วค่อยเทียบกับวิธีทำ

ลองเขียนคำตอบด้วยตัวเองก่อน แล้วค่อยเทียบกับวิธีทำ