Coasts as natural systems: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.The physical grinding of rock fragments against a cliff face during storm conditions.
• b.The weight of a breaking wave exerting direct hydraulic pressure on a jointed rock surface.
• c.The collapse of air bubbles trapped in water under high pressure, sending tiny shockwaves into the rock face.
• d.The chemical dissolution of calcium carbonate in sedimentary rocks by seawater.

• a.Subaerial weathering and marine erosion widening a series of master joints in limestone cliffs.
• b.Tectonic uplift creating a series of fault-bounded inlets along a concordant coast.
• c.Isostatic rebound causing the emergence of a glaciated U-shaped valley.
• d.Eustatic sea-level rise drowning a pre-existing river valley system.

• a.Human construction of a groin trapping sediment and causing accelerated erosion further downdrift.
• b.Rising sea levels causing beach erosion, which reduces the beach's ability to dissipate wave energy, leading to further erosion.
• c.Increased cliff erosion providing more debris at the base, which eventually protects the cliff from further wave attack.
• d.A storm removing sand from a dune system, making the inland area more vulnerable to subsequent flooding events.

• a.A net deficit leading to beach erosion and shoreline retreat.
• b.The formation of a tombolo due to accelerated sediment deposition.
• c.The system achieving dynamic equilibrium with no net change in morphology.
• d.A net surplus leading to the progradation of the beach.

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