2B The littoral zone, geological structure and lithology: แบบฝึกหัด

• a.

  Attrition breaks down a cliff face into a cave, which undergoes subaerial weathering to become a stack, then collapses into an arch during high tides.

• b.

  Mass movement causes a cliff to retreat, forming a wave-cut platform which is then eroded by longshore drift into a series of caves and stacks.

• c.

  Corrosion widens bedding planes into a wave-cut notch, which deepens into a cave, eventually breaking through as a blowhole and collapsing into a stump.

• d.

  Hydraulic action and abrasion enlarge a joint into a cave, which erodes through a headland to form an arch; the arch roof eventually collapses leaving a stack, which is then eroded into a stump.

• a.

  Dalmatian coasts are formed by glacial erosion in highland areas, whereas Rias are formed by the deposition of sediment in low-energy estuarine environments.

• b.

  Dalmatian coasts form where valleys run parallel to the coast and are flooded, creating long islands, whereas Rias are flooded river valleys that run perpendicular to the coast.

• c.

  Dalmatian coasts are emergent landforms created by isostatic rebound, while Rias are submergent landforms created by eustatic sea level rise.

• d.

  Dalmatian coasts result from discordant geological structures, while Rias result from concordant geological structures and high-energy wave environments.

• a.

  The orientation of geological structures relative to the coastline in concordant settings.

• b.

  Whether the coastline is located in a high-energy or low-energy marine environment.

• c.

  The presence of resistant igneous rocks in Haff coasts versus sedimentary rocks in Dalmatian coasts.

• d.

  The difference between eustatic sea level rise and isostatic crustal rebound.

• a.

  Destructive waves

• b.

  Tsunami waves

• c.

  Storm surges

• d.

  Constructive waves

• a.

  Eustatic change is a global change in sea level due to changes in water volume, while isostatic change is a local change in land level due to loading or unloading.

• b.

  Eustatic change refers to the formation of fjords, while isostatic change refers to the formation of raised beaches and fossil cliffs.

• c.

  Eustatic change is caused by tectonic uplift, while isostatic change is caused by thermal expansion of the oceans during interglacial periods.

• d.

  Eustatic change occurs over millions of years due to seafloor spreading, while isostatic change occurs daily due to tidal cycles.

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