Contextualizing 18th-Century States：練習題

• a.

  The monarch's power is derived directly from divine right.

• b.

  Women and men should have identical political and voting rights.

• c.

  The Catholic Church should remain the ultimate authority on legal matters.

• d.

  Sovereignty resides in the nation and all citizens are equal before the law.

• a.

  Alienated many devout Catholics and created a deep division between the revolution and the Church.

• b.

  Successfully unified all religious factions under the banner of the Republic.

• c.

  Granted the Pope the final authority over all French administrative appointments.

• d.

  Abolished Christianity and replaced it with the Cult of Reason immediately.

• a.

  The immediate restoration of the Bourbon monarchy under Louis XVIII.

• b.

  The appointment of Napoleon Bonaparte as First Consul for Life.

• c.

  The expansion of the Committee of Public Safety’s executive powers.

• d.

  The dismantling of the Reign of Terror and a move toward a more conservative republican government.

• a.

  The French military was too weak to sustain a long-term republic.

• b.

  Abrupt, radical change ignores the historical wisdom of established institutions and social contracts.

• c.

  The French peasants were not sufficiently educated to understand Enlightenment ideals.

• d.

  The revolution did not go far enough in abolishing private property.

• a.

  The signing of the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain.

• b.

  The sudden discovery of gold in French colonial territories.

• c.

  The peaceful transition of power from the National Assembly to the Directory.

• d.

  The threat of foreign invasion and the suspected treachery of the Louis XVI.

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