Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment：練習題

• a.

  The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

• b.

  The execution of Charles I

• c.

  The Calas Affair

• d.

  The Trial of Galileo Galilei

• a.

  The stars are fixed on a crystalline sphere that rotates once every 24 hours.

• b.

  Gravity is the invisible force that keeps planets in their respective orbits.

• c.

  The Earth is the stationary center of the universe around which the sun revolves.

• d.

  Planetary orbits are elliptical rather than perfectly circular, with the sun at one focus.

• a.

  The historical precedent of Roman imperial law as the basis for modern statecraft.

• b.

  The belief that the monarch is a servant of the people and can be removed if they violate the general will.

• c.

  The divine right of kings as established through apostolic succession from the Bible.

• d.

  The necessity of a powerful ruler to prevent a "war of all against all" inherent in the state of nature.

• a.

  They sought to dismantle the monarchy and transition toward representative republicanism.

• b.

  They attempted to centralize power by curtailing the privileges of the nobility and the Catholic Church.

• c.

  They reinforced the feudal system to ensure military loyalty during the Seven Years' War.

• d.

  They promoted the industrial revolution by privatizing all state-owned land and resources.

• a.

  It provided the first empirical evidence for the existence of microscopic biological organisms.

• b.

  It argued that human reason is incapable of understanding the physical laws of the universe.

• c.

  It synthesized the work of previous scientists into a single mathematical law of universal gravitation.

• d.

  It established the chemical basis for the transformation of matter through alchemy.

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