能源供應：練習題

Which of the following energy sources relies on heat extracted directly from the Earth's interior?

The graph below shows the changes in biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels downstream from an untreated sewage discharge point into a river.

Which of the following correctly describes the conditions in the river immediately downstream of the discharge point?

Urban environmental degradation, particularly poor waste management, is often exacerbated by rapid urban growth in Middle Income Countries (MICs). Which sustainable improvement strategy is most likely to face the most significant social and political constraints?

In national energy planning, what does the term energy mix (or national energy balance) refer to?

Which of the following best accounts for the high concentration of photochemical smog in large urban basins during summer months?

Describe how industrial inertia can act as a significant constraint when municipal authorities attempt to improve the air quality of a degraded urban environment.

How does the intermittency of wind and solar energy production necessitate significant investment in grid-scale storage technology for these sources to successfully replace traditional base-load power supplies?

In the context of rural environmental degradation, why does the intensification of agricultural practices often lead to a significant decline in the quality of local groundwater supplies?

Sustainable management of energy resources involves balancing supply security with environmental protection.

(a) Distinguish between a renewable and a non-renewable energy resource.
(b) State one example of a renewable energy resource and one example of a non-renewable energy resource.
(c) Outline one reason why many countries find it difficult to transition rapidly from non-renewable to renewable energy sources.

(a) Refer to the following data showing the percentage of total energy consumption for a country in \( 2000 \) and \( 2020 \):
Coal: \( 40\% \) (2000) to \( 15\% \) (2020)
Natural Gas: \( 25\% \) (2000) to \( 35\% \) (2020)
Hydroelectric Power (HEP): \( 10\% \) (2000) to \( 12\% \) (2020)
Other Renewables: \( 5\% \) (2000) to \( 20\% \) (2020)
Nuclear: \( 20\% \) (2000) to \( 18\% \) (2020)
Calculate the percentage point change for fossil fuels (coal and gas combined) and suggest one reason for the increase in Other Renewables.
(b) Explain how energy policy and sustainability considerations influence a country's decision to shift away from coal.