全球暖化及其影響：練習題

• a.

  Increased surface temperatures increase the density of tropical waters, causing them to sink faster and speed up the circulation.

• b.

  Higher global temperatures increase the solubility of oxygen in polar waters, leading to faster downwelling in the North Atlantic.

• c.

  Global warming causes the oceans to become more alkaline, which increases the rate of deep-water formation in the Southern Ocean.

• d.

  An increase in glacial meltwater at high latitudes decreases sea water density, potentially slowing the sinking of water masses.

• a.

  Thermal expansion is caused by increased salinity, while melting ice reduces the overall salinity of the ocean.

• b.

  Thermal expansion increases the volume of the existing water mass as it warms, while melting land ice adds new water mass to the ocean.

• c.

  Thermal expansion only affects coastal areas, while the melting of land-based ice affects the deep ocean basins.

• d.

  Thermal expansion occurs only at the poles, whereas the melting of land-based ice occurs primarily in the tropics.

• a.

  As ice melts, the Earth's surface becomes less reflective (lower albedo), absorbing more solar radiation and further accelerating the warming process.

• b.

  As corals bleach, they release large amounts of oxygen, which increases the flammability of the atmosphere and leads to more forest fires.

• c.

  As the ocean warms, it becomes more alkaline, which allows it to absorb even more carbon dioxide, leading to a runaway cooling effect.

• d.

  As sea levels rise, the increased pressure on the sea floor triggers more hydrothermal activity, which releases more methane into the atmosphere.

• a.

  Heat is generated by the friction of ocean currents moving against the seabed.

• b.

  The ozone layer traps heat by reflecting all incoming solar radiation back into space.

• c.

  Greenhouse gases absorb incoming short-wave ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

• d.

  Atmospheric gases absorb outgoing long-wave infrared radiation and re-emit it back toward the surface.

• a.

  Large volumes of fresh water reduce the density of surface water in sinking zones, potentially slowing the circulation.

• b.

  The loss of ice reduces the wind speed, which is the only driver of the deep-water conveyor belt.

• c.

  The ice sheets release large amounts of salt, making the water too dense to sink.

• d.

  The meltwater increases the temperature of the deep ocean, causing it to rise too quickly.

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。

先自己寫一次答案，再對照解題步驟。