Particle theory and bonding：練習題

Which of the following describes the covalent bonding present in a molecule of water (\(H_{2}O\))?

Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for magnesium sulfate, a common salt found in sea water?

Describe how ionic bonding occurs in sodium chloride (\(\text{NaCl}\)) found in sea water.

Using the kinetic particle theory, explain the changes in the spacing and motion of water particles as liquid water freezes into ice.

Describe how hydrogen bonding between water molecules results in the high specific heat capacity of water and explain why this property is beneficial for marine organisms.

(a) Describe the structure of an atom with reference to the location of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
(b) Seawater contains various dissolved salts. Identify the correct chemical names for the following formulas:
(i) \(MgSO_{4}\)
(ii) \(CaCO_{3}\)

(a) State the chemical formula for the following salts found in sea water:
(i) Magnesium sulfate
(ii) Calcium carbonate.
(b) Describe the covalent bonding in a water molecule with reference to the sharing of electron pairs.
(c) Explain why sea water is described as a mixture rather than a pure substance.