Chemistry (9813)

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免費的Chemistry (9813)學習筆記,專為GCE A-Level - Higher 3 (H3)學生準備。下列每個章節都涵蓋一個重點主題,附有例題與練習提示,可在 thinka 應用程式中延伸練習。

Basic Principles of Spectroscopy

Molecular Stereochemistry

  • Stereochemical projection (including Newman projections)

  • Conformational isomerism: energy barriers to rotation and interconversion

  • Cis-trans isomerism, including E, Z nomenclature

  • Enantiomerism and diastereomerism: R, S configuration, optical activity and optical purity

  • Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes: cis-trans and enantiomerism in square planar and octahedral complexes

Ultraviolet/visible Spectroscopy

  • Chromophores

  • Molar absorptivity and the Beer–Lambert law

Spectroscopic Techniques

  • Basic Principles of Spectroscopy: molecular orbital theory, the electromagnetic spectrum, quantisation of energy, energy level transitions

  • Ultraviolet/visible Spectroscopy: electronic transitions, chromophores, molar absorptivity and the Beer-Lambert law

  • Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: molecular vibrations and characteristic IR absorptions

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy: nuclear spin, chemical shift, peak area and proton counting, spin-spin splitting

  • Mass Spectrometry: ionisation, fragmentation and interpretation of spectra

Further Organic Mechanisms

  • The Hammond postulate: relationship between the transition state and the nearest stable species

  • Nucleophilic substitution mechanism: nature of nucleophiles and leaving group, SN1, SN2

  • Nucleophilic substitution kinetics: energy profile, rate law, orders of reaction, rate constants, stereochemistry, substituent effects

  • Competition between SN1 and SN2

  • Elimination mechanism: syn- and anti-elimination, stereoselectivity, regioselectivity, E1, E2

  • Elimination kinetics: energy profile, rate law, regioselectivity

  • E2/SN2 competition: substrate effects, base effects

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy

  • Characteristic IR absorptions

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy

  • Chemical shift: δ scale, internal reference, electronegativity effects, anisotropic effects, hydrogen bonding

  • Calculation of peak area and proton counting

  • Spin-spin splitting

Mass Spectrometry

  • Interpretation of spectra: molecular ion peak, isotopic abundance, fragment ions

Basic Physical Organic Chemistry

    Nucleophilic Substitution

      Elimination

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