體內平衡：練習題

Compare the homeostatic response to low blood glucose with the response to low blood water content. Which of the following is a common feature of both control systems?

In the context of homeostasis, why is the liver considered an effector in the control of blood glucose, but the pancreas considered both a receptor and a coordination centre?

Explain the specific role of effectors in the process of homeostasis and provide two distinct examples of organs that function in this capacity.

Explain how the body uses glucagon to restore homeostasis when blood glucose levels fall below the normal range, specifically mentioning the organ and the storage molecule involved.

Describe how the thermoregulatory centre in the brain monitors both the temperature of the internal environment and the temperature of the surroundings.

Homeostasis ensures that internal conditions, such as water and ion content, are kept relatively constant despite changes in the external environment.

(a) Describe the physiological response that occurs when the brain detects that the water content of the blood is too low. In your answer, identify the gland that releases the corrective hormone and explain how this hormone affects the function of the kidneys.
(b) Explain the role of negative feedback in ensuring that the water content of the blood does not rise significantly above the normal range after a person drinks a large volume of water.
(c) In a healthy kidney, the blood is filtered and certain substances are reabsorbed. Explain how these processes lead to the production of a smaller volume of more concentrated urine after a person consumes a high-salt meal.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is strictly monitored as part of homeostasis.
(a) Describe how the pancreas and the liver respond to a decrease in blood glucose levels to restore them to the normal range.
(b) Contrast Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes by explaining the physiological cause of each and one way each condition is medically managed.