邊際報酬遞減法則與規模報酬：練習題

A small bakery adds more bakers to its fixed-size kitchen. Initially, output increases significantly with each new baker, but eventually, the additional output from each new baker begins to fall. This scenario is an example of:

If a firm is experiencing increasing returns to scale, what is the expected impact on its long-run average cost (LRAC) as output expands?

When a firm experiences constant returns to scale, what happens to its output if all inputs are doubled?

A firm employs 4 workers and produces 100 units of output. When a fifth worker is hired, total output increases to 115 units. When a sixth worker is hired, total output increases to 125 units. What is the marginal product of the sixth worker, and what does this indicate?

Which of the following best describes the Law of Diminishing Returns?

Describe what is meant by constant returns to scale for a business. Provide a simple example.

Analyse how the operation of the Law of Diminishing Returns influences the shape of a firm's short-run marginal cost curve.

Define the Law of Diminishing Returns and state the condition under which it applies.

Understanding Returns to Scale

(a) Distinguish between increasing returns to scale, constant returns to scale, and decreasing returns to scale.

(b) Explain one significant reason why a manufacturing firm might experience increasing returns to scale as it expands its production capacity in the long run.

(c) What are the potential implications for a firm's long-run average costs if it is operating under decreasing returns to scale?

Productivity and Costs in Agriculture

A large agricultural farm decides to increase its output of a specific crop. In the short run, it can only increase the amount of labour (farmhands) it employs, while the amount of land and machinery remains fixed. In the long run, the farm can expand its land area and invest in more advanced machinery.

(a) Using the concept of marginal product, explain why the farm is likely to experience the Law of Diminishing Returns in the short run as it adds more farmhands.

(b) Analyse the impact of diminishing returns on the farm's short-run average variable cost (AVS) and marginal cost (MC) curves. Illustrate your answer by explaining the relationship between productivity and costs.

(c) Discuss the factors that could allow the farm to experience increasing returns to scale when it expands all its inputs (land, labour, and capital) in the long run, and the benefits this could bring.