研究方法二：練習題

A researcher is conducting a content analysis of television advertisements. To ensure the reliability of the coding system, two independent researchers code the same sample of adverts and their results are compared. This process is known as:

A researcher generates a scattergram to analyze the correlation between age and REM sleep duration. If the calculated correlation coefficient is \( r = -0.85 \), which of the following is the most accurate interpretation of the relationship?

A psychologist asks participants to rank their top five stressful life events in order of severity, where 1 is the most stressful and 5 is the least. Which level of measurement is being utilized in this data collection?

In psychological research, lowering the significance level from \( p < 0.05 \) to \( p < 0.01 \) has specific consequences for the probability of errors. Which of the following is true?

A researcher is using a Chi-squared test to analyze a \( 2 \times 2 \) contingency table comparing gender to the presence of sleep-onset insomnia. Which of the following is a strict requirement for this test to be valid?

Describe the procedural steps involved in conducting a content analysis of qualitative data from interviews with schizophrenia patients, and explain how inter-observer reliability could be assessed for this analysis.

Explain the difference between concurrent validity and predictive validity when assessing a new psychological diagnostic tool, and describe how a correlation coefficient of \( +0.80 \) would be interpreted in this context.

A researcher is investigating the relationship between hours of sleep and cognitive performance score. The data is interval, the distribution is normal, and the researcher is looking for a correlation.

Identify the most appropriate statistical test for this study and explain why Type I errors are considered more problematic for the integrity of psychological findings than Type II errors.