原子的組成：練習題

In the Rutherford alpha-particle scattering experiment, it was observed that the vast majority of alpha particles passed through the gold foil with negligible deflection. Which of the following is the correct conclusion drawn specifically from this observation?

Compare the specific charge of a Carbon-12 nucleus (\( _{6}^{12}C \)) with that of a Carbon-13 nucleus (\( _{6}^{13}C \)). What is the ratio of the specific charge of \( ^{12}C \) to that of \( ^{13}C \)?

The specific charge of a particle is defined as the ratio of its charge to its mass. Calculate the specific charge of a proton, using the values \( e = 1.60 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C} \) and \( m_p = 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg} \).

Which of the following values represents the approximate ratio of the specific charge of an electron to the specific charge of a proton?
Use \( m_p = 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg} \) and \( m_e = 9.11 \times 10^{-31} \text{ kg} \).

In the Rutherford scattering experiment, a small proportion of alpha particles were deflected through angles greater than \(90^\circ\). What was the primary conclusion drawn from this specific observation?<\/p>

Calculate the specific charge of a gold nucleus, \( _{79}^{197}\text{Au} \), in \( \text{C kg}^{-1} \).
(Assume: charge of a proton \( e = 1.60 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C} \) and mass of a nucleon \( = 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg} \)).

Calculate the percentage difference between the specific charges of a fully ionized carbon-12 nucleus and a fully ionized carbon-14 nucleus, relative to the carbon-12 nucleus.

Determine the factor by which the specific charge of an alpha particle \( (_{2}^{4}\text{He}^{2+}) \) is larger than the specific charge of a lithium-7 nucleus \( (_{3}^{7}\text{Li}^{3+}) \).

An isotope of Magnesium is represented by the symbol \( ^{25}_{12}\text{Mg}^{2+} \) as a doubly-charged positive ion.

(a) State the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons present in this specific ion.
(b) Calculate the specific charge of the nucleus of this isotope.
(Assume the mass of a proton and a neutron are both \( 1.67 \times 10^{-27} \text{ kg} \) and the elementary charge is \( 1.60 \times 10^{-19} \text{ C} \)).

The Rutherford alpha-particle scattering experiment provided revolutionary evidence for the structure of the atom.

(a) Describe the setup of the experiment and the three main observations made regarding the paths of the alpha particles.
(b) Explain how each of these three observations led to a specific conclusion about the nature of the atomic nucleus.