哺乳動物神經系統的結構與功能：練習題

Which part of the mammalian brain is responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements and is the primary site for higher-order processing such as decision making?

The resting potential of a mammalian neurone is typically around \(-70\text{ mV}\). Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for maintaining this negative charge inside the axon relative to the outside?

A person stands up suddenly, causing a temporary drop in blood pressure. Which of the following sequences describes the homeostatic response to restore blood pressure?

A patient has suffered a stroke that has specifically affected their ability to maintain balance and coordinate fine motor movements. Which part of the brain has most likely been damaged?

Myelination increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction along an axon. Which of the following statements best explains the mechanism of saltatory conduction in myelinated neurones?

Describe the sequence of biochemical events in a rod cell following the absorption of a photon by rhodopsin, leading to the hyperpolarisation of the cell membrane.

Analyze the mechanism of saltatory conduction in myelinated axons and explain why this process significantly increases the velocity of nerve impulse transmission compared to non-myelinated axons.

Explain how the electrochemical gradient is maintained in a resting neuron, specifically referencing the roles of the sodium-potassium pump and membrane permeability to \( Na^{+} \) and \( K^{+} \) ions.

The central nervous system coordinates complex reflex actions and voluntary movements. The diagram represents a cross-section of the spinal cord with labels X for the dorsal root, Y for the ventral root, and Z for the central gray matter.
(a) Trace the pathway of an impulse through a simple reflex arc using labels X, Y, and Z.
(b) Explain the distinct functions of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata in the mammalian nervous system.