Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55：練習題

Which significant event in 1521 resulted in Martin Luther being declared a heretic and an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire?

Which of the following best describes the 'Tower Experience' (Turmerlebnis) and its impact on Luther's theology?

How did the Consilium de Emendanda Ecclesia (1537) impact the Catholic response to the Reformation under Pope Paul III?

What was the primary purpose of the Schmalkaldic League, formed in 1531 by various German princes?

What was the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) for the German states?

Briefly describe the significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) for the legal status of Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire.

Describe the impact of Luther’s 1520 pamphlets (such as To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation) on his excommunication and the spread of his ideas among the German people.

Assess the role of the Schmalkaldic League, formed in 1531, in ensuring the survival and spread of Lutheranism against the opposition of Emperor Charles V.

Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55

In 1517, Martin Luther published his Ninety-Five Theses in Wittenberg. Describe the primary aims Luther had for this publication and explain how the invention of the printing press contributed to its rapid impact across the German states.

Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55

The development of Lutheranism between 1521 and 1546 was shaped by both religious and political factors.

a) Explain Luther's response to the Radical Reformation, specifically the views of Carlstadt and the Zwickau prophets.
b) Why did Luther denounce the Peasants' War of 1525, and what were the consequences of this decision for his relationship with the German princes?