AP · thinka-original Practice Paper

2023 AP AP World History: Modern Practice Paper with Answers

Thinka May 2023 AP-Style Mock — AP World History: Modern

22 marks100 mins2023

An original Thinka practice paper modelled on the structure and difficulty of the May 2023 AP AP World History: Modern paper. Not affiliated with or reproduced from AP.

Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions

Answer Question 1 and Question 2. Answer either Question 3 or Question 4. Use complete sentences; outlines or bullet points receive no credit.

3 Question · 9 marks

Question 1 · Subjective

3 marks

Read the passage below and answer the following questions in complete sentences.

“Muhammad Ali’s modernization project in early nineteenth-century Egypt represented a dramatic attempt by a non-Western state to achieve autonomous military and economic power in response to growing European hegemony. By nationalizing agricultural lands, establishing state monopolies over cash crops, and building state-directed textile factories and arsenals, Ali sought to construct an industrialized economy capable of sustaining military independence. However, this state-directed transformation rested largely on the heavy coercion of Egyptian peasant labor and extreme fiscal extraction rather than organic domestic market development. Consequently, when British diplomatic and military intervention in the 1840s forced Egypt to dismantle its protective tariffs and monopoly system, the state-run factories rapidly deteriorated. As a result, Egypt was firmly integrated into the emerging global capitalist division of labor primarily as an exporter of raw cotton to British mills rather than as an independent industrial competitor.”
— Julian Vance, historian, Imperial Encroachment and State Modernization in the Global South, 2015

Using the excerpt, respond to parts a, b, and c.
a. Identify ONE historical factor in the nineteenth century that motivated non-Western rulers like Muhammad Ali to launch state-sponsored industrialization programs.
b. Identify ONE argument made in the passage regarding the vulnerability of Egypt's industrialization efforts.
c. Explain ONE way another non-Western state's response to Western expansion in the nineteenth century differed from the outcome described for Egypt in the passage.

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Worked solution

Part (a): The response must identify a relevant 19th-century context or motivating factor, such as military vulnerability to European imperialism, the need to modernize defensive forces following events like the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt, or the desire to prevent foreign political dominance.

Part (b): The response must identify a specific claim/argument from the passage regarding Egypt's structural weaknesses, such as its heavy reliance on state coercion and fiscal extraction rather than organic market development, or its vulnerability to foreign diplomatic pressure and forced tariff elimination (the dismantling of protective tariffs).

Part (c): The response must explain a comparative difference with another non-Western state (such as Japan under the Meiji Restoration, Siam under King Chulalongkorn, or the Ottoman Empire/Qing China) regarding the trajectory or outcome of their modernization and interaction with Western powers.

Marking scheme

General Scoring Notes:
- Each part is earned independently (1 point each, total 3 points).
- Responses must be written in complete sentences.

(A) 1 point: Identifies ONE 19th-century historical factor motivating state-sponsored modernization.
- Acceptable examples include:
* Fear of European imperial conquest and military intervention.
* Recognition of the growing military and industrial technology gap with the West.
* The goal of asserting state sovereignty and centralized administrative control.
- Reject: Merely stating 'trade' or 'money' without historical context.

(B) 1 point: Identifies ONE argument from the passage regarding Egypt's vulnerability.
- Acceptable examples include:
* Egypt's industrial project was based on coerced peasant labor and fiscal extraction rather than sustainable organic market growth.
* The system depended entirely on state monopoly protection, making it fragile when external powers forced the removal of protective tariffs.
* Foreign intervention forced Egypt into raw-material export dependency (cotton) rather than industrial autonomy.
- Reject: Simply quoting phrases without identifying the underlying argument.

(C) 1 point: Explains ONE way another non-Western state's response differed in outcome.
- Acceptable examples include:
* Japan (Meiji Restoration): Modernized industry and military successfully, maintained national sovereignty, and industrialized fully rather than becoming an exporter of raw materials.
* Siam (Thailand): Modernized administration and infrastructure while using diplomacy to preserve political sovereignty and avoid outright colonial conquest.
* Qing China: Engaged in the Self-Strengthening Movement with regional military-industrial development, though often constrained by internal conflict and imperialist concessions.
- Reject: Vague mentions of non-Western states that do not clearly contrast the outcome with Egypt's integration as a raw material exporter.

Question 2 · Short Answer

3 marks

“The Great Sovereign recognized that the diversity of sects and creeds across Hindustan was vast, containing Hindus, Muslims, Jains, and Christians. Rather than imposing one creed or compelling subjects to abandon ancestral customs through force, His Majesty established the policy of universal peace (sulh-i kul). He abolished the jizya tax formerly levied upon non-Muslim subjects, declaring that all who inhabit this realm are entrusted by the Divine to the impartial protection of the crown. Furthermore, he welcomed learned Brahmins, Christian priests from Goa, and Zoroastrian scholars into the Ibadat Khana [House of Worship] to debate spiritual truths openly, thereby strengthening royal authority over contentious factions and uniting the empire under a single, benevolent justice.”

Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, grand vizier and court historian to the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Akbarnama [Book of Akbar], official court chronicle, circa 1595

Using the excerpt, respond to parts a, b, and c.

a. Identify ONE claim made in the passage regarding Mughal imperial administration or religious policy.

b. Explain ONE way the author’s point of view as a royal courtier likely influenced his portrayal of Akbar’s actions.

c. Explain ONE way a land-based empire OTHER than the Mughal Empire legitimized or consolidated its rule during the period 1450–1750.

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Worked solution

a. Claim from the passage (1 mark):
Acceptable responses identify a specific claim stated in the text, such as:
- Akbar promoted religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence through the policy of sulh-i kul (universal peace).
- Akbar eliminated the jizya poll tax previously required of non-Muslim subjects to foster imperial unity.
- Akbar created spaces like the Ibadat Khana for interfaith dialogue to prevent sectarian conflict and centralize royal control.

b. Author's Point of View (1 mark):
Acceptable responses explain how Abu’l-Fazl's position as an advisor, close confidant, and official royal chronicler shaped his perspective:
- As a commissioned official court historian, Abu'l-Fazl sought to depict Akbar's rule in the most flattering light possible, emphasizing divine wisdom, fairness, and benevolence to bolster the emperor's political legitimacy and historical legacy.
- Writing for an audience within the Mughal elite and court administration, the author aimed to present Akbar's centralized, inclusive policies as the most orderly and beneficial form of governance for a religiously diverse empire.

c. Consolidation/Legitimization in Another Land-Based Empire (1450–1750) (1 mark):
Acceptable responses explain a specific method utilized by another land-based empire (e.g., Ottoman, Safavid, Qing, Russian, Songhai, Ming, Aztec, or Inca), such as:
- Ottoman Empire: Used the devshirme system to recruit and train Christian boys into loyal military units (Janissaries) and civil administrators, thereby centralizing state control and circumventing traditional hereditary aristocracies.
- Safavid Empire: Consolidated rule and created religious unity by enforcing Twelver Shi'a Islam as the mandatory state religion and using military units like the ghulams to counter regional tribal factions.
- Qing (Manchu) Dynasty: Legitimized power over the Han Chinese majority by adopting traditional Confucian civil service examinations and imperial court rituals while maintaining separate Manchu military banners.
- Russian Empire: Centralized authority under monarchs like Peter the Great through bureaucratic westernization, table of ranks, military expansion, and state control over the Russian Orthodox Church.

Marking scheme

Part (A): 1 mark
- 1 mark: Accurately identifies ONE claim from the excerpt (e.g., Akbar ended the jizya tax, introduced sulh-i kul, invited different faiths to the House of Worship to reduce conflict, or framed imperial protection as a divine duty).
- 0 marks: Merely quotes the document without identifying a distinct claim, misreads the passage, or brings outside information unrelated to the text.

Part (B): 1 mark
- 1 mark: Explains how the author’s role as grand vizier/court chronicler influenced his portrayal of Akbar (e.g., explains how his patronage relationship and administrative duty motivated him to portray the emperor's policies as exceptionally wise, divinely inspired, and beneficial to royal stability).
- 0 marks: Mentions that the author was a courtier or friend without explaining how that point of view affected the tone, framing, or content of the argument.

Part (C): 1 mark
- 1 mark: Explains ONE method used by another non-Mughal land-based empire between 1450 and 1750 to legitimize or consolidate power (e.g., Ottoman devshirme/Janissary system or use of Caliphate title; Safavid imposition of Shi'ism; Qing adoption of the civil service exam and Confucian statecraft; European divine right and monumental architecture like Versailles).
- 0 marks: Refers to maritime empires exclusively (e.g., British overseas colonies), selects a development outside 1450–1750, mentions the Mughal Empire instead of another empire, or merely names an empire without explaining the method of consolidation/legitimization.

Question 3 · free-response

3 marks

Respond to parts a, b, and c.

a. Identify ONE way in which political or commercial rivalries between European states influenced maritime exploration or trade in the period circa 1450–1750.

b. Explain ONE way in which Asian states limited or regulated European commercial activity within their territories during the period circa 1450–1750.

c. Explain ONE economic or social effect of the global flow of American silver on Asian societies during the period circa 1450–1750.

Show answer & marking scheme

Worked solution

### Part A (1 mark)
Identify ONE way in which political or commercial rivalries between European states influenced maritime exploration or trade in the period circa 1450–1750.
* Possible responses include:
* Competition between Spain and Portugal over trade routes led to state-sponsored expeditions to find alternate sea routes to Asian spice markets (e.g., Columbus sailing west for Spain, Vasco da Gama sailing around Africa for Portugal).
* The signing and enforcement of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided newly explored territories between Spain and Portugal, directing Spanish efforts predominantly toward the Americas and Portuguese efforts toward the Indian Ocean and Brazil.
* Rivalry among the Dutch, English, and Portuguese led to the establishment of armed royal chartered joint-stock companies (such as the Dutch East India Company / VOC and the British East India Company) that seized fortified trading posts and competed violently to control regional spice and textile trade.
* Mercantilist competition pushed nations like Britain and France to claim colonies and naval choke points to exclude rival European powers from lucrative trade networks.

### Part B (1 mark)
Explain ONE way in which Asian states limited or regulated European commercial activity within their territories during the period circa 1450–1750.
* Possible responses include:
* The Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan implemented isolationist policies (sakoku), expelling European merchants and restricting foreign trade exclusively to a single island (Dejima in Nagasaki) under strictly controlled supervision with the Dutch and Chinese.
* The Ming and Qing dynasties established strict trade restrictions (such as the Canton system) that confined European merchants to designated ports and required trade to be conducted exclusively through approved merchant guilds (Cohongs).
* The Ottoman and Mughal empires levied specialized tariffs, port taxes, or capitulations that controlled the movement and privileges of European traders while ensuring imperial oversight of key customs revenues.

### Part C (1 mark)
Explain ONE economic or social effect of the global flow of American silver on Asian societies during the period circa 1450–1750.
* Possible responses include:
* The adoption of the Single Whip Law in Ming China required all taxes to be paid in silver, which fueled an immense domestic demand for silver imported from the Americas via the Manila Galleons and stimulated the commercialization of the Chinese domestic economy.
* The massive influx of silver contributed to price volatility, inflation, and economic disruption in parts of East and South Asia when silver supply fluctuated or when high tax burdens pressured rural peasant producers.
* European silver allowed regional Asian manufacturers (such as silk, porcelain, and cotton producers in China and India) to expand artisanal production significantly to meet overseas European consumer demand.

Marking scheme

General Scoring Notes:
* Each point (A, B, C) is earned independently.
* Responses must use complete sentences. Outlines or bullet points receive no credit.
* For parts asking to "Identify," the response must provide a relevant, historically accurate characteristic or development.
* For parts asking to "Explain," the response must provide information about how or why a historical development/process occurred or how a relationship exists.

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Part (A) [1 mark]:
* 1 mark for accurately identifying one way in which European political/commercial rivalries influenced maritime exploration or trade (1450–1750).
* Accept: Competition between Spain and Portugal leading to new sea routes/Treaty of Tordesillas; establishment of joint-stock companies (VOC, EIC) to compete for oceanic trade routes; mercantilist wars/conflicts over trading post control in the Indian Ocean or Atlantic.
* Reject: Vague statements mentioning simply "they traded with each other" without explaining rivalry/influence, or examples outside the time period (e.g., Scramble for Africa, 19th-century opium wars).

Part (B) [1 mark]:
* 1 mark for explaining one way Asian states limited or regulated European commercial activity.
* Accept: Detailed explanation of Tokugawa Japan's sakoku policy/confinement to Nagasaki/Dejima; Ming/Qing restrictions such as the Canton system or limiting European merchants to specific trade quarters/guilds; Mughal/Ottoman regulation via port duties or supervised trade enclaves.
* Reject: Simply asserting that "Asian states banned all trade" without historical nuance or explanation.

Part (C) [1 mark]:
* 1 mark for explaining one economic or social effect of the global flow of American silver on Asian societies.
* Accept: Ming tax reforms (Single Whip Law) monetizing taxes in silver; growth of market commercialization and luxury manufacturing (silk, porcelain, tea) due to silver payments; inflation/economic instability caused by silver influx; increased peasant burden to acquire silver.
* Reject: Mere mention that "silver made them rich" without explaining the economic/social mechanism or effect.

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Section II, Part A: Document-Based Question

Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis establishing a line of reasoning. Support an argument using at least six documents, provide outside evidence, source at least three documents, and demonstrate historical complexity.

1 Question · 7 marks

Question 1 · free-response

7 marks

Evaluate the extent to which chartered trading companies and private commercial enterprises transformed maritime trade systems across the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in the period circa 1600 to 1750.

Document 1
Source: Royal Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I to the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies (British East India Company), official patent, London, 1600.
"We have granted unto our said loving subjects full and sole liberty and license freely to pass into the East Indies, in such voyages, by such ways and passages, as they shall think fittest, and there to trade and use all traffic of merchandise. They and their successors shall forever enjoy the entire benefit of the said trade, and none of our other subjects shall attempt any trade within the said limits without the license of the said Company. Furthermore, the said Governor and Company shall have power within the said territories to make reasonable laws, constitutions, orders, and ordinances, and to impose penalties and punishments upon offenders against the same."

Document 2
Source: Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor-General of the Dutch East India Company (VOC), official letter dispatched to the VOC Board of Directors in Amsterdam, 1619.
"Trade in the East Indies cannot be maintained without war, nor can war be conducted without trade. We cannot trade without naval force, nor maintain fleets without the revenues of commerce. To obtain the sovereign monopoly of the nutmeg and mace trade in the Banda Islands, it is indispensable that we eliminate native smuggling and drive out English interloping ships. We must build fortresses at Jakarta and ensure that no local ruler sells spices to any nation other than the United Netherlands."

Document 3
Source: Sultan Abu al-Mafakhir of Banten (Java), letter addressed to the Directorate of the Dutch East India Company, 1636.
"You demand that we deliver all our black pepper exclusively to your factors at a price set by your council, forbidding our people from trading with Chinese junks or English merchants who offer better cloth and coin. We are an independent realm by divine will. Why should our harbor be closed to those who have sailed peacefully to our shores for generations? Your armed ships bring blockades where there was once open exchange, forcing our peasants to abandon their orchards or labor under fear of cannon."

Document 4
Source: Charter and records of the Royal African Company of England, petition submitted to King Charles II, London, 1672.
"The Company hath at immense expense established eight fortified castles and factories along the Guiney coast to manage the purchase and transport of Negro laborers destined for His Majesty’s sugar plantations in the West Indies. In return for supplying these necessary laborers and securing the African trade from Dutch and French interlopers, the Company beseecheth the Crown to strictly enforce its exclusive patent against independent English interlopers whose unregulated trafficking undercuts prices and endangers the stability of our coastal forts."

Document 5
Source: Shaista Khan, Mughal governor (Subahdar) of Bengal, official decree issued to provincial administrators regarding European mercantile enclaves, 1682.
"The English and Dutch trading companies have constructed masonry warehouses at Hugli and Kasimbazar under the pretext of sheltering their merchandise. Yet they increasingly display insolence, refusing standard transit tolls, establishing armed guards within their settlements, and attempting to mint their own coins. While their silver imports enrich our treasury and provide revenue to local weavers, their growing defiance of imperial regulations and conflicts with indigenous merchants will no longer be tolerated without severe punishment."

Document 6
Source: Don Juan de Vargas Hurtado, Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines, official report to the Council of the Indies in Madrid, 1684.
"The trade of Manila survives wholly upon the annual voyage of the silver galleons to Acapulco and the return flow of Mexican silver pesos. Private Spanish merchants and Portuguese traders resident here purchase immense cargoes of Chinese silk, porcelain, and Indian cottons from non-European merchants who arrive on junks and dhows. However, the aggressive expansion of the Dutch East India Company in the Moluccas and the Strait of Malacca continually threatens our sea lanes and has forced us to spend exorbitant sums on harbor armaments and naval convoys."

Document 7
Source: Anonymous French investor and merchant, pamphlet titled "Reflections on the Commerce of the Indies and the Royal Companies," published in Paris, 1728.
"The modern era of commerce has witnessed the transformation of simple merchant guilds into militarized sovereign entities. The English and Dutch companies have set the pattern: they conquer territories, negotiate treaties with Asian sovereigns, field mercenary armies, and dictate market prices in Europe through monopolistic controls. For France to preserve its naval status and national wealth, our own Compagnie des Indes must not merely imitate their commercial practices, but receive total royal subvention to establish lasting territorial power in Pondicherry and Bengal."

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Worked solution

To earn full credit (7/7 points), the response must address the following criteria:

1. Thesis/Claim (0-1 point): Presents a historically defensible thesis establishing a line of reasoning regarding the transformative impact of chartered companies (e.g., arguing that while chartered companies radically restructured global commerce by militarizing trade networks, establishing monopolies, and financing plantation-slave systems, they continued to depend heavily on traditional regional trade routes, indigenous producers, and state sponsorship).

2. Contextualization (0-1 point): Situates the prompt within broader historical processes circa 1450–1750, such as the Commercial Revolution, European mercantilism, the development of joint-stock companies, the Columbian Exchange, or the global circulation of silver from the Americas to Asia.

3. Evidence from the Documents (0-2 points):
- 1 point: Uses content from at least three documents to address the prompt.
- 2 points: Supports an argument in response to the prompt using content from at least six documents (e.g., connecting Docs 1, 2, and 7 to show militarized monopoly building; Docs 4 to show integration with transatlantic chattel slavery; Docs 3 and 5 to demonstrate local Asian resistance and continuous indigenous commercial leverage; Doc 6 to highlight reliance on traditional Asian networks and silver flows).

4. Evidence Beyond the Documents (0-1 point): Introduces at least one specific piece of outside historical evidence relevant to the argument (e.g., the Dutch monopoly over the Spice Islands through the Banda massacre; the English East India Company’s victory at Plassey; triangular trade systems; the fluyt ship design; mercantilist Navigation Acts).

5. Sourcing (0-1 point): Explains how or why the document's point of view, purpose, historical situation, and/or audience is relevant to an argument for at least three documents (e.g., analyzing Coen's aggressive POV as VOC Governor-General to justify violent expansion; the Sultan of Banten's purpose in resisting VOC coercion; Shaista Khan's perspective as a Mughal official asserting imperial sovereignty over European encroachments).

6. Complexity (0-1 point): Demonstrates complex understanding using historical reasoning (e.g., analyzing the nuance between European commercial ambitions and their practical limitations in Asia; contrasting the direct territorial conquest in the Atlantic plantation system with the initial maritime 'trade-post' strategies in the Indian Ocean; or corroborating multiple economic perspectives across European, Asian, and African contexts).

Marking scheme

AP World History DBQ Rubric Breakdown (Total 7 Points):
- Thesis/Claim (1 pt): Responds to the prompt with a defensible thesis establishing a line of reasoning.
- Contextualization (1 pt): Situates the argument within broader historical developments of the period 1450–1750.
- Evidence from Documents (2 pts):
• 1 pt for accurately describing/using content from at least 3 documents.
• 2 pts for using content from at least 6 documents to support an argument.
- Evidence Beyond the Documents (1 pt): Provides at least one additional, specific piece of historical evidence not found in the documents.
- Sourcing (1 pt): Explains POV, purpose, historical situation, or audience for at least 3 documents.
- Complexity (1 pt): Demonstrates complex understanding through corroboration, qualification, nuance, or comparison across regions/themes.

Section II, Part B: Long Essay Question

Answer one question from a choice of three prompts covering different historical periods. Construct a defensible thesis, contextualize, support with specific evidence, and employ historical reasoning.

1 Question · 6 marks

Question 1 · long_essay

6 marks

SECTION II, Part B: Long Essay Question
Suggested writing time: 40 minutes

Directions: Answer Question 1, Question 2, or Question 3.

In your response you should do the following:
• Respond to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis or claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
• Describe a broader historical context relevant to the prompt.
• Support an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of evidence.
• Use historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity or change over time) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt.
• Use evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the prompt.

1. In the period circa 1200 to 1450, networks of exchange expanded across Afro-Eurasia, fostering unprecedented regional connectivity.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which commercial growth along trans-regional trade routes transformed urban centers in Afro-Eurasia during this period.

2. In the period circa 1450 to 1750, transoceanic connections transformed global social and economic structures.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the Columbian Exchange reshaped social hierarchies and/or labor systems in the Americas during this period.

3. In the period circa 1750 to 1900, the spread of industrialization and imperial expansion prompted diverse responses around the globe.
Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which state-led modernization programs successfully strengthened non-Western empires against external imperial pressure during this period.

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Worked solution

Sample Comprehensive Outline and Analysis for Question 2

Prompt: Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the Columbian Exchange reshaped social hierarchies and/or labor systems in the Americas during the period circa 1450 to 1750.

1. Thesis / Claim (1 point):
• Sample Thesis: "Although indigenous labor practices like the Inca mit'a persisted in modified forms, the Columbian Exchange fundamentally revolutionized American labor systems and social structures to a very large extent through the introduction of plantation-based chattel slavery and the establishment of the racially defined casta hierarchy."

2. Contextualization (1 point):
• Situates the topic within the rise of European maritime expansion (Portuguese and Spanish voyages), the search for sea routes to Asia, mercantilist economic theory, and the catastrophic demographic collapse of indigenous populations due to Afro-Eurasian pathogens (smallpox, measles).

3. Evidence (2 points):
• Evidence 1: The rapid expansion of sugarcane, tobacco, and coffee plantations required massive labor inputs, leading directly to the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery in the Caribbean, Brazil, and North America.
• Evidence 2: In Spanish colonies, demographic shifts and intermixing between Europeans, Amerindians, and Africans gave rise to the rigid sistema de castas (Peninsulares, Creoles, Mestizos, Mulattoes, indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans).
• Evidence 3: Coerced labor systems such as the encomienda and repartimiento systems were created by Spanish authorities to extract tribute and labor for silver mining (e.g., Potosí).

4. Historical Reasoning & Complexity (2 points):
• Historical Reasoning (Causation / Continuity and Change): Explains how the transfer of cash crops (sugarcane) drove the creation of race-based chattel slavery, contrasting it with pre-Columbian reciprocal labor systems.
• Complexity: Demonstrates nuance by analyzing both change (introduction of African chattel slavery and racial castas) and continuities/adaptations (the Spanish adaptation of the indigenous Andean mit'a system for state-mandated mine labor, as well as instances of syncretic resistance in Maroon communities like Palmares).

Marking scheme

Scoring Rubric (Total: 6 Points)

Row A: Thesis/Claim (0–1 pt)
• 1 pt: Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning.
• Note: Must be located in either the introduction or conclusion; cannot simply restate or rephrase the prompt.

Row B: Contextualization (0–1 pt)
• 1 pt: Accurately describes a broader historical context relevant to the prompt (e.g., European maritime exploration, mercantilism, the demographic impact of Eurasian diseases).
• Note: Requires more than a passing phrase or reference.

Row C: Evidence (0–2 pts)
• 1 pt: Provides at least two specific, relevant examples of evidence related to the topic of the prompt.
• 2 pts: Uses at least two specific, relevant examples of evidence to support an argument in response to the prompt (e.g., Spanish casta paintings/hierarchy, Potosí silver mines and mita, transatlantic slave trade, Caribbean sugar plantations).

Row D: Analysis and Reasoning (0–2 pts)
• 1 pt (Historical Reasoning): Uses historical reasoning (e.g., causation, continuity/change, comparison) to structure an argument addressing the prompt.
• 1 pt (Complexity): Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument (e.g., explaining nuance across different colonial empires, examining both massive structural disruption and local continuities, or analyzing multi-causal economic and social transformations).

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