2023 Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) Practice Paper with Answers

Explain three push factors that lead to high rates of rural-to-urban migration in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).

Explain three reasons why birth rates remain high in many Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).

Describe three characteristic features of the Zone of Transition (inner city) in a traditional MEDC city.

Describe the three processes of river transport: traction, saltation, and suspension.

Explain how volcanic eruptions are formed at convergent (destructive) plate boundaries.

Explain how the process of longshore drift moves sediment along a coastline.

Explain three negative environmental impacts that can result from rapid tourism development in coastal areas.

Explain three advantages of using wind power as a source of energy.

Explain three pull factors that attract international migrants to high-income countries (HICs).

State three characteristics of a dispersed settlement pattern.

Explain how hydraulic action and attrition contribute to the erosion of a river channel.

Explain why volcanic eruptions can present significant hazards to human populations living near them, referring to three distinct hazards.

Describe three steps required to measure the daily precipitation using a standard rain gauge.

Explain three negative environmental impacts that can result from rapid and unplanned tourism development in coastal areas.

Explain three advantages of using geothermal energy as a source of power.

For a named international migration route you have studied, explain the pull factors that attracted migrants to the destination country.

For a named volcanic eruption or earthquake you have studied, explain the causes of the event and its primary impacts on people.

For a named area where tourism is important, explain how tourism has caused environmental damage.

Study the Map Extract of Strathglen (Scale 1:25 000, contour interval 10 metres). Use this map extract to answer the following questions: (a) Identify the feature found at 6-figure grid reference 412783. [1 mark] (b) State the 6-figure grid reference for the trig point on Beacon Hill. [2 marks] (c) Measure the straight-line distance, in metres, between the road bridge at 402771 and the post office at 431792. [2 marks] (d) What is the compass direction and grid bearing from the church at 415760 to the school at 435780? [2 marks] (e) Describe the physical features of the River Glen and its valley between grid lines 40 to 45 easting and 76 to 78 northing. [5 marks] (f) Describe the distribution of the forest and woodland shown on the map extract. [4 marks] (g) Suggest reasons for the site and situation of the settlement of Glen Village around grid square 4177. [4 marks]

Study the 1:25,000 map extract of Bayview (Figure 1).

(a) Identify the 6-digit grid reference of the tourist information centre at Bayview. [1]
(b) State the straight-line distance, in metres, between the campsite at 142381 and the viewpoint at 162394. Show your working. [2]
(c) State the compass direction of the viewpoint from the campsite. [1]
(d) Identify two physical attractions for tourists shown on the map in grid square 1538. [2]
(e) Suggest two physical features of the landscape at 142381 that make it a suitable site for a campsite. [2]

Study Figure 2, which shows a storm hydrograph for the River Arrow following a localized rainfall event.

(a) State the peak rainfall amount (in mm) and the hour in which it occurred. [2]
(b) State the peak discharge of the river (in cumecs) and the hour in which it occurred. [2]
(c) Calculate the lag time of this storm event. Show your working. [2]
(d) Suggest two physical reasons why another drainage basin with steeper slopes would have a shorter lag time. [2]

Study Figure 3, which shows a volcanic hazard map of Mt. Saint Pierre.

(a) Identify the hazard zone that covers the settlement of Saint-Pierre, located 8 km south of the active crater. [1]
(b) The total population of the map area is 12,000. Calculate the percentage of the population living within the High-Risk Lahar Zone, which has a population of 3,600. Show your working. [2]
(c) Describe the distribution of the pyroclastic flow hazard zone shown in Figure 3. [2]
(d) Explain three ways the local government can reduce the impacts of a future volcanic eruption on the local population. [3]

Study Figure 4, which shows the electrical energy generation mix of Country X in 2012 and 2022.

(a) State the percentage of electricity generated from Coal in 2012. [1]
(b) Calculate the increase in the percentage of electricity generated from Wind energy between 2012 (8%) and 2022 (22%). Show your working. [2]
(c) Compare the total contribution of fossil fuels (Coal and Gas combined) between 2012 (Coal 50%, Gas 30%) and 2022 (Coal 25%, Gas 20%). [2]
(d) State three reasons why Country X might want to decrease its reliance on fossil fuels. [3]

Study Figure 5, which shows a wet-and-dry bulb thermometer (psychrometer) located inside a Stevenson screen.

(a) Read the temperatures from the thermometers: (i) Dry-bulb temperature, (ii) Wet-bulb temperature. [2]
(b) Calculate the depression of the wet bulb. [1]
(c) Using the Relative Humidity Table (Figure 5b), determine the relative humidity when the dry-bulb temperature is 20 degrees C and the wet-bulb depression is 5 degrees C. [1]
(d) Explain how the design of the Stevenson screen ensures that the instruments record accurate, standard air temperature measurements. [4]

Students from a school in northern England conducted a fieldwork investigation on a local river, the River Wharfe. They selected three sites along the river: Site 1 (upper course), Site 2 (middle course), and Site 3 (lower course) to investigate how river characteristics change downstream. They tested the following two hypotheses: Hypothesis 1: River velocity increases downstream. Hypothesis 2: Bedload particles become smaller and more rounded downstream. (a) State two safety precautions the students should take when working near a river. [2] (b) (i) Describe a method the students could use to measure the river's surface velocity using a float. [4] (ii) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of using a digital flow meter instead of a float to measure river velocity. [2] (iii) At Site 1, the students recorded the following times (in seconds) for a float to travel 10 meters: Trial 1: 25.0s, Trial 2: 24.0s, Trial 3: 15.0s (the float snagged on a rock but was released), Trial 4: 26.0s. Calculate the average time in seconds that the students should use to calculate velocity. Explain your choice. [2] (iv) Calculate the average velocity at Site 1 using the formula: \(\text{Velocity} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}\). Give your answer to 2 decimal places with units. [2] (c) (i) The students decided to present their velocity data using a bar chart. State two advantages of using a bar chart for this data. [2] (ii) What conclusion can the students draw regarding Hypothesis 1: 'River velocity increases downstream'? Support your answer with data from Sites 1, 2, and 3. [3] (d) To test Hypothesis 2, the students selected 20 pebbles at random from the river bed at each site. (i) Describe a systematic sampling method the students could use to select the 20 pebbles to avoid bias. [3] (ii) Name the equipment used to measure: The length of the longest axis of a pebble, and the roundness of a pebble. [2] (iii) The students' results for pebble size (average length of longest axis) and roundness (using Powers' Scale of Roundness, where 1 = very angular and 6 = well-rounded) are: Site 1: Average length = 14.5 cm, Average roundness score = 1.8; Site 2: Average length = 8.2 cm, Average roundness score = 3.4; Site 3: Average length = 3.1 cm, Average roundness score = 5.1. Explain how these results support Hypothesis 2. [3] (iv) Explain the river processes responsible for the changes in bedload size and shape downstream. [4] (e) Suggest one way the students could improve the reliability of their bedload measurements if they repeated the investigation. [1]

A group of students investigated the impact of tourism in a popular coastal resort town, Sandyside. They wanted to see how tourism affected the town's services and the local residents' quality of life. They chose two hypotheses to test: Hypothesis 1: The proportion of tourist-related services decreases with distance from the beach. Hypothesis 2: Local residents perceive tourism to have more negative environmental impacts than positive economic benefits. (a) To test Hypothesis 1, the students mapped land use along a transect line extending 1000 meters inland from the beach. (i) Define the term 'transect line'. [1] (ii) Describe how the students would carry out a land use survey along this transect line to identify tourist-related services (e.g., souvenir shops, hotels, cafes) versus resident-related services (e.g., banks, local grocery stores, doctors' surgeries). [4] (iii) State one advantage and one disadvantage of using a transect line for this urban land use survey. [2] (b) The results of the land use survey were grouped into four 250-meter zones from the beach: Zone A (0 to 250 m): 24 tourist services, 4 resident services; Zone B (251 to 500 m): 15 tourist services, 9 resident services; Zone C (501 to 750 m): 6 tourist services, 18 resident services; Zone D (751 to 1000 m): 2 tourist services, 22 resident services. (i) Calculate the percentage of tourist-related services in Zone A and Zone D. Show your working. [3] (ii) Suggest a suitable method of presenting this land use data geographically on a map of Sandyside. [2] (iii) State the conclusion the students should reach regarding Hypothesis 1. Use data to support your answer. [3] (c) To test Hypothesis 2, the students designed a questionnaire to ask 50 residents. (i) The students decided to use a systematic sampling method to select residents to interview. Describe how they could do this. [2] (ii) Suggest two questions that the students could include in their questionnaire to assess residents' perceptions of the environmental impacts of tourism. [2] (iii) Why is it important for the students to ask residents how long they have lived in Sandyside before recording their opinions? [2] (d) The questionnaire results for residents' perceptions of tourism are: 84% agreed that tourism brings vital income to local businesses; 76% agreed that tourism creates jobs for local residents; 68% complained about traffic congestion and parking issues during the peak summer season; 55% complained about increased litter and noise levels. (i) Discuss whether these findings support or reject Hypothesis 2. Refer to the data in your explanation. [4] (ii) Suggest three strategies the local council of Sandyside could implement to manage the negative impacts of tourism identified by the residents. [3] (e) Suggest two limitations of using a questionnaire to collect data for this type of geographical investigation. [2]