2023 OCR GCSE History B (Schools History Project) - J411 Practice Paper with Answers

Medieval town councils used several methods to manage waste and keep streets clean, such as appointing muckrakers to remove rubbish, issuing fines for dumping waste, or ordering citizens to clear the pavement outside their properties.

1 mark for any valid method of medieval street cleaning. Acceptable answers include: employing muckrakers or gongfermors, fining citizens for dumping rubbish/waste, ordering householders to sweep outside their doors, banning slaughterhouses inside towns, or paving streets.

From 1518, English authorities introduced 'Plague Orders' which included marking infected houses (such as hanging a bundle of straw outside or painting a cross on the door) and requiring infected people to carry a white stick or rod when going out in public.

1 mark for any valid sixteenth-century plague control measure. Acceptable answers include: marking infected houses (straw bale / cross on door), quarantine/isolation of infected individuals, or requiring infected people to carry a white stick/rod when in public.

Dr John Snow mapped the deaths from cholera in Soho in 1854 and traced the source of the outbreak back to the Broad Street water pump, proving that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water.

1 mark for identifying John Snow. Accept 'Snow' or 'Dr Snow'.

An organised summary should analyze the dual approach of quarantine/isolation and municipal sanitation/social control:

1. **National Regulations and Isolation (Quarantine):** In 1578, Elizabeth I's Privy Council issued the first national 'Plague Orders' which were enforced during subsequent outbreaks, most notably in 1665. These mandated the 'shutting up' of infected houses for 40 days, marking doors with a red cross and the words 'Lord have mercy upon us', and appointing watchmen to ensure nobody left or entered.

2. **Local Municipal Action and Enforcement:** Parish and town authorities appointed officials like 'searchers' (usually poor older women) to inspect corpses and identify the cause of death. Constables and wardens enforced lockdowns, while pest-catchers were hired to kill stray dogs and cats, which were erroneously believed to spread the disease.

3. **Sanitation and Environmental Controls:** Authorities attempted to combat miasma (bad air) by burning barrels of pitch, tar, or sweet-smelling herbs in the streets. Street cleaning was stepped up, and public gatherings, such as theatrical performances and large funerals, were banned to prevent the spread of contagion.

4. **Financial Support (Plague Rates):** To ensure quarantined families did not starve, local authorities collected 'plague rates' (a local tax) from wealthier residents to fund food and basic provisions for those shut in their homes.

**Level 3 (7-9 marks):**
- Candidate writes a highly structured, analytical summary that categorises measures clearly (e.g., isolating the sick, local municipal enforcement, environmental management, financial relief).
- Supported by accurate, specific historical detail (e.g., the 1578 Plague Orders, searchers, watchmen, red crosses, pest houses, plague rates).
- Explicitly shows how these measures represented a growing level of organisation and state/local intervention over time.

**Level 2 (4-6 marks):**
- Candidate writes a structured narrative of how authorities reacted to plague, but it may be more chronological or descriptive than analytical.
- Contains some relevant, accurate knowledge (e.g., mentions closing infected houses, killing dogs and cats, burning tar in streets) but lacks depth or clear thematic grouping.

**Level 1 (1-3 marks):**
- Candidate provides simple, isolated points or a very brief description of plague measures without structure.
- Limited historical knowledge (e.g., 'they locked people in their houses and buried dead people at night').

An organised summary should analyze the dual approach of quarantine/isolation and municipal sanitation/social control:

1. **National Regulations and Isolation (Quarantine):** In 1578, Elizabeth I's Privy Council issued the first national 'Plague Orders' which were enforced during subsequent outbreaks, most notably in 1665. These mandated the 'shutting up' of infected houses for 40 days, marking doors with a red cross and the words 'Lord have mercy upon us', and appointing watchmen to ensure nobody left or entered.

2. **Local Municipal Action and Enforcement:** Parish and town authorities appointed officials like 'searchers' (usually poor older women) to inspect corpses and identify the cause of death. Constables and wardens enforced lockdowns, while pest-catchers were hired to kill stray dogs and cats, which were erroneously believed to spread the disease.

3. **Sanitation and Environmental Controls:** Authorities attempted to combat miasma (bad air) by burning barrels of pitch, tar, or sweet-smelling herbs in the streets. Street cleaning was stepped up, and public gatherings, such as theatrical performances and large funerals, were banned to prevent the spread of contagion.

4. **Financial Support (Plague Rates):** To ensure quarantined families did not starve, local authorities collected 'plague rates' (a local tax) from wealthier residents to fund food and basic provisions for those shut in their homes.

**Level 3 (7-9 marks):**
- Candidate writes a highly structured, analytical summary that categorises measures clearly (e.g., isolating the sick, local municipal enforcement, environmental management, financial relief).
- Supported by accurate, specific historical detail (e.g., the 1578 Plague Orders, searchers, watchmen, red crosses, pest houses, plague rates).
- Explicitly shows how these measures represented a growing level of organisation and state/local intervention over time.

**Level 2 (4-6 marks):**
- Candidate writes a structured narrative of how authorities reacted to plague, but it may be more chronological or descriptive than analytical.
- Contains some relevant, accurate knowledge (e.g., mentions closing infected houses, killing dogs and cats, burning tar in streets) but lacks depth or clear thematic grouping.

**Level 1 (1-3 marks):**
- Candidate provides simple, isolated points or a very brief description of plague measures without structure.
- Limited historical knowledge (e.g., 'they locked people in their houses and buried dead people at night').

During the period 1500–1750, authorities in England shifted from passive acceptance of plague to highly organized, active interventions. Candidates can explain several key reasons for this increase in action:

1. **Direct pressure and legislation from the Royal Government (the Crown):** In 1578, Queen Elizabeth I’s Privy Council issued the first national 'Plague Orders' (which were updated in subsequent outbreaks, such as 1665). These orders legally required local justices of the peace, mayors, and aldermen to take specific actions, such as shutting up infected houses for 6 weeks, appointing searchers of the dead, and collecting local taxes to support the sick. This national mandate forced local authorities to act consistently.

2. **Fear of economic ruin and social disorder:** Plague outbreaks devastated local economies by stopping trade and causing shops and markets to close. Furthermore, the death of breadwinners left thousands of families destitute, raising the threat of riots, looting, and complete social breakdown. Authorities took active measures—such as hiring watchmen to enforce quarantine and building pest houses outside town walls—to preserve social order and protect the local economy.

3. **Improved administrative capacity and funding (The Poor Law framework):** Following the Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1597 and 1601, local parishes and towns developed a structured system of local taxation ('poor rates'). This provided town councils with the administrative machinery and funds necessary to pay for plague measures. They could now afford to pay watchmen, searchers, and keepers, as well as provide food and medicine to quarantined families, making systematic intervention practically possible.

**Level 4 (8–10 marks):** Explains two or more reasons for the increased actions taken by authorities, using accurate and detailed historical knowledge. Answers at this level will explicitly link the reasons (e.g., Privy Council pressure, fear of disorder, Poor Law administrative capabilities) to why authorities felt compelled or able to act.

**Level 3 (5–7 marks):** Explains one reason with clear historical detail, OR identifies multiple reasons but with limited explanation of how they caused the change in authority action.

**Level 2 (3–4 marks):** Describes the measures taken by authorities (e.g., quarantine, pest houses, red crosses on doors) but does not explain *why* authorities took these actions or why they increased during this specific period.

**Level 1 (1–2 marks):** Gives a basic, general, or unfocused response containing little historical knowledge (e.g., stating that they wanted to stop people dying).

To answer this question, candidates should construct a balanced argument comparing the effectiveness of local government public health actions in both the medieval and early modern periods. On one hand, candidates can agree with the statement by highlighting the shared limitations of both periods: Both medieval and early modern authorities operated under the miasma theory and lacked any knowledge of germ theory. This meant that efforts in both eras were focused primarily on clearing bad smells rather than addressing the actual biological causes of disease. In terms of daily sanitation, both eras struggled to manage waste. Medieval towns like London and Coventry tried to pass laws banning the dumping of slaughterhouse waste in rivers, yet these laws were routinely ignored due to poor enforcement. Similarly, in early modern London, rapid population growth far outpaced the local government's ability to provide clean water or remove waste, resulting in filthy, overcrowded streets and heavily contaminated water sources like the River Thames. On the other hand, candidates can disagree by pointing out that early modern local government actions were significantly more organized, statutory, and institutionalized. During plague outbreaks, early modern authorities implemented highly systematic measures, such as the introduction of the first national Plague Orders in 1518 (updated in 1578 and 1665), which led to the appointment of searchers of the dead, the painting of red crosses on infected houses, and the establishment of pest houses. Furthermore, the 1604 Plague Act legally empowered towns to tax residents to fund relief for quarantined families. This level of coordinated, legal, and financial infrastructure was far more advanced than the sporadic, localized reactions of medieval town councils to the Black Death. Additionally, municipal engineering projects in the early modern period, such as Hugh Myddelton's New River project in 1613, brought clean spring water to parts of London, representing a scale of civic planning that medieval councils could not match. In conclusion, candidates should weigh these points to reach a supported judgment. While early modern governance was clearly more advanced and legally codified, the practical impact on the public health of the poorest urban dwellers remained highly limited, making the physical reality of town life in 1700 remarkably similar to that of 1400.

Level 5 (16–18 marks): Evaluative essay with a balanced argument, strong contextual knowledge of both periods (medieval and early modern), and a clear, well-supported conclusion that directly addresses the concept of 'effectiveness'. Level 4 (11–15 marks): Explains both sides of the argument with good historical knowledge of both eras (e.g., mentions specific medieval bylaws like those of Coventry, and early modern measures like the Plague Orders or the New River). Shows a clear understanding of the similarities and differences in effectiveness. Level 3 (8–10 marks): Explains one side of the argument well, or provides a general comparison of both eras with limited specific detail. For example, focuses heavily on early modern plague measures but lacks detail on medieval town councils, or vice versa. Level 2 (5–7 marks): Identifies facts about public health in one or both eras but lacks analytical focus on 'local government action' or 'effectiveness'. Mostly descriptive. Level 1 (1–4 marks): Shows very basic knowledge of the topic, perhaps describing general living conditions without addressing government action.

One way the historian conveys their argument is through the deliberate selection of positive and sophisticated language to describe Anglo-Saxon systems, contrasted directly with negative terms. For example, they reject the idea of a 'backward, lawless land' and a 'primitive kingdom'. Instead, they use terms like 'extremely sophisticated', 'highly organized', and 'thriving' to describe local justice, coinage, and trade in York and London. This structure forces the reader to contrast the traditional misconception of pre-Conquest England with its actual economic and administrative strength, thereby effectively making the case that England was already highly developed.

Award marks as follows:
- **1 mark** (Identify): For identifying a relevant detail, phrase, or method used by the creator (e.g., 'The author uses words like "extremely sophisticated" to describe the administration' OR 'The author mentions thriving trade in London and York').
- **2 marks** (Explain): For identifying a detail/method and providing a basic explanation of how it supports the argument (e.g., 'The author mentions York and London to prove that the country was economically developed rather than primitive').
- **3 marks** (Explain fully): For identifying a detail/method and providing a fully developed explanation of how this conveys the argument (e.g., 'The author uses contrasting language, setting terms like "primitive" and "backward" against words like "sophisticated" and "highly organized". By doing this, they directly challenge the post-Conquest Norman justification that England was an uncivilized place in need of conquest, proving instead that its administration and trade were among the best in Europe').

To achieve full marks, a candidate should explain a specific method of using Source A to carry out historical research, supported by contextual knowledge of the Norman Conquest's impact on landownership.

An excellent response would:
1. Identify a specific feature of the source (e.g., the transition from Alwy's sole ownership under Edward to Miles Crispin's dominant ownership under William).
2. Explain how this feature reveals the nature of Norman land redistribution (e.g., the dispossession of Anglo-Saxon thegns and the creation of Norman tenant-in-chief baronies).
3. Suggest a clear line of further research or historical methodology, such as cross-referencing the Wiltshire data with other Domesday entries or comparing it to pre-1066 land charters, to determine if this pattern of partial displacement was typical across all English shires.

Level 3 (4–5 marks):
- Demonstrates a clear understanding of how the source can be used to investigate landownership change.
- Explains a specific methodology (e.g., comparing pre-conquest and post-conquest names, or assessing the reduction of Alwy's holdings from 5 hides to 1 hide) and connects it to a wider historical inquiry.
- Supported by accurate historical context regarding Norman land confiscations and the creation of the feudal hierarchy.

Level 2 (2–3 marks):
- Identifies a valid way the source could be used (e.g., shows that Normans like Miles Crispin took land from Saxons like Alwy).
- Focuses on the content of the source but lacks a fully developed explanation of the research methodology or is supported by only limited historical context.

Level 1 (1 mark):
- Identifies a simple feature of the source (e.g., it mentions Miles Crispin) without explaining how it could be used for historical investigation.

To achieve high marks, your answer should: 1. Identify the key argument of Interpretation A (that castles were built for brutal military domination, intimidation, and suppression) and Interpretation B (that castles were multi-functional centres of administration, economy, and prestige). 2. Deploy precise historical evidence to support Interpretation A, such as the destructive impact on towns like Lincoln (166 houses destroyed) and York, the rapid construction of motte-and-baileys during William's campaigns to secure hostile territory, and contemporary Saxon accounts (like the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle) lamenting Norman oppression through castle building. 3. Deploy precise historical evidence to support the alternative view in Interpretation B, such as how castles acted as the administrative capitals of Norman baronies (honours), how new markets and towns (boroughs) were established outside castle walls to foster trade, and how castles like Hedingham or Castle Acre were built with grand architecture to project the lord's status. 4. Directly compare the two interpretations, explaining why they differ (e.g., focusing on different phases of the Conquest, or looking at military vs. socio-economic impacts). 5. Reach a clear, reasoned conclusion on how far you agree with Interpretation A (e.g., agreeing that it represents the short-term reality of the Conquest years, but is limited because it overlooks the long-term integration and development highlighted in Interpretation B).

Level 4 (10-12 marks): Demonstrates detailed and accurate historical knowledge. Compares the interpretations directly to show how and why they differ. Evaluates the validity of Interpretation A using precise contextual knowledge of both the military and socio-economic functions of castles. Reaches a fully substantiated and balanced judgment. Level 3 (7-9 marks): Uses good historical knowledge to analyze the interpretations. Explains points of agreement and disagreement with Interpretation A using details from both extracts. The judgment is present but may lack depth or complete balance. Level 2 (4-6 marks): Compares the content of the two interpretations, showing how they differ, but relies on limited or generalized historical knowledge to evaluate them. Tends to describe the history rather than analyze the interpretations. Level 1 (1-3 marks): Makes simple, generalized assertions about the interpretations or castles in general. Little to no comparison or relevant historical evidence is deployed.

### Introduction
William I faced immense opposition after his victory at Hastings, with major rebellions erupting across England between 1067 and 1075. While the use of extreme violence and terror was a highly visible and devastatingly effective short-term mechanism for crushing active resistance, it was not the sole reason he maintained control. Long-term security and control were achieved through a combination of defensive military architecture (castles), fundamental socio-economic reorganization (the feudal system and land redistribution), and institutional dominance through the Normanisation of the Church and administration.

### Agree: The Use of Extreme Violence and Terror
There is strong evidence to support the claim that extreme violence was crucial to maintaining Norman control. The most prominent example is the Harrying of the North (1069–1070), launched in response to Anglo-Saxon rebellions supported by Danish invaders. William ordered a scorched-earth campaign across Yorkshire and northern counties: crops, seeds, livestock, and entire villages were burned, and salt was reportedly sown in the soil to prevent future farming. This resulted in the death of over 100,000 people from starvation and exposure, leaving vast areas completely depopulated and ruined for decades (as recorded in the Domesday Book). This act of sheer terror acted as a powerful psychological deterrent, effectively ending large-scale coordinated rebellion in the north. Furthermore, William used brutal punishments to deter rebels elsewhere, such as cutting off the hands and feet of captured insurgents during the siege of Ely in 1071, and executing Earl Waltheof in 1076. These actions sent a clear message that resistance would meet with absolute destruction.

### Disagree: The Role of Castles
However, terror alone could not hold the country without permanent military infrastructure. The rapid construction of motte-and-bailey castles was arguably more important for day-to-day control. William and his barons built over 500 castles across England by 1087. Strategically placed in major towns (such as York, Exeter, and London), along coastlines, and at key river crossings, castles acted as highly defensible strongholds from which small Norman garrisons could control surrounding areas. They served as visible symbols of Norman dominance, protected the new ruling elite from hostile local populations, and served as bases from which Norman cavalry could quickly ride out to suppress localized riots before they grew into major rebellions.

### Disagree: The Feudal System and Land Redistribution
Furthermore, William secured control by completely replacing the Anglo-Saxon ruling class with loyal Normans through a militarised feudal hierarchy. By 1087, virtually all Anglo-Saxon thegns and earls had been dispossessed, with only about 5% of English land remaining in Anglo-Saxon hands. William redistributed this land to approximately 190 Norman tenants-in-chief (barons). In return for these land grants, the barons swore oaths of loyalty (fealty) and were required to provide a specific quota of knights to serve in the king's army (knight service). This created a self-funding military occupation force deeply invested in defending the Norman regime, as their wealth and survival depended entirely on William remaining on the throne.

### Disagree: The Church and Legal Control
Finally, William utilized institutional and administrative systems to legitimize and secure his rule. He systematically Normanised the English Church, replacing Archbishop Stigand with Lanfranc in 1070 and ensuring that almost all bishops and abbots were Norman by the end of his reign. The Church preached that William's victory was God's will, helping to pacify a deeply religious Anglo-Saxon population. Administratively, William retained the effective Anglo-Saxon shire system and the use of royal writs but adapted them to Norman needs. The compilation of the Domesday Book in 1086 was a monumental administrative feat that allowed William to understand the wealth of his kingdom, prevent tax evasion, and assert his supreme ownership of all land in England, further locking down royal control.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, while extreme violence and terror were essential for breaking the back of active Anglo-Saxon resistance—particularly during the crises of 1069–1070—they were not sustainable as a sole method of governance. Terror successfully pacified the population through fear, but long-term, stable control of England was only achieved through the structural imposition of castles, the systemic redistribution of land to a loyal Norman elite, and the spiritual and legal legitimacy provided by the Normanised Church and administrative state. Therefore, violence was the ultimate shield against rebellion, but institutional and physical control was the true foundation of William’s lasting rule.

**Level 5 (17–20 marks)**
Candidates demonstrate detailed, accurate, and wide-ranging knowledge to construct a highly balanced, analytical, and well-focused explanation. The essay addresses both the prompt factor (violence/terror) and alternative factors (castles, feudalism, the Church, etc.) in equal depth, reaching a logical, nuanced conclusion.

**Level 4 (13–16 marks)**
Candidates use accurate and detailed knowledge to explain different factors. The response is clearly balanced and examines both sides of the argument, though one side may be more developed than the other. There is a clear attempt to reach a conclusion based on the arguments.

**Level 3 (9–12 marks)**
Candidates construct a one-sided explanation that provides good depth on either violence or other methods of control; OR they provide a two-sided argument that is superficial, highly descriptive, or lacks analytical depth. Historical knowledge is mostly accurate.

**Level 2 (5–8 marks)**
Candidates demonstrate some relevant historical knowledge about how William controlled England but write a largely descriptive narrative. Points are only weakly linked to the analytical focus of the question.

**Level 1 (1–4 marks)**
Candidates provide general assertions or highly limited, disjointed details. The response lacks focus on the question and exhibits very little historical understanding.

### Introduction
William I faced immense opposition after his victory at Hastings, with major rebellions erupting across England between 1067 and 1075. While the use of extreme violence and terror was a highly visible and devastatingly effective short-term mechanism for crushing active resistance, it was not the sole reason he maintained control. Long-term security and control were achieved through a combination of defensive military architecture (castles), fundamental socio-economic reorganization (the feudal system and land redistribution), and institutional dominance through the Normanisation of the Church and administration.

### Agree: The Use of Extreme Violence and Terror
There is strong evidence to support the claim that extreme violence was crucial to maintaining Norman control. The most prominent example is the Harrying of the North (1069–1070), launched in response to Anglo-Saxon rebellions supported by Danish invaders. William ordered a scorched-earth campaign across Yorkshire and northern counties: crops, seeds, livestock, and entire villages were burned, and salt was reportedly sown in the soil to prevent future farming. This resulted in the death of over 100,000 people from starvation and exposure, leaving vast areas completely depopulated and ruined for decades (as recorded in the Domesday Book). This act of sheer terror acted as a powerful psychological deterrent, effectively ending large-scale coordinated rebellion in the north. Furthermore, William used brutal punishments to deter rebels elsewhere, such as cutting off the hands and feet of captured insurgents during the siege of Ely in 1071, and executing Earl Waltheof in 1076. These actions sent a clear message that resistance would meet with absolute destruction.

### Disagree: The Role of Castles
However, terror alone could not hold the country without permanent military infrastructure. The rapid construction of motte-and-bailey castles was arguably more important for day-to-day control. William and his barons built over 500 castles across England by 1087. Strategically placed in major towns (such as York, Exeter, and London), along coastlines, and at key river crossings, castles acted as highly defensible strongholds from which small Norman garrisons could control surrounding areas. They served as visible symbols of Norman dominance, protected the new ruling elite from hostile local populations, and served as bases from which Norman cavalry could quickly ride out to suppress localized riots before they grew into major rebellions.

### Disagree: The Feudal System and Land Redistribution
Furthermore, William secured control by completely replacing the Anglo-Saxon ruling class with loyal Normans through a militarised feudal hierarchy. By 1087, virtually all Anglo-Saxon thegns and earls had been dispossessed, with only about 5% of English land remaining in Anglo-Saxon hands. William redistributed this land to approximately 190 Norman tenants-in-chief (barons). In return for these land grants, the barons swore oaths of loyalty (fealty) and were required to provide a specific quota of knights to serve in the king's army (knight service). This created a self-funding military occupation force deeply invested in defending the Norman regime, as their wealth and survival depended entirely on William remaining on the throne.

### Disagree: The Church and Legal Control
Finally, William utilized institutional and administrative systems to legitimize and secure his rule. He systematically Normanised the English Church, replacing Archbishop Stigand with Lanfranc in 1070 and ensuring that almost all bishops and abbots were Norman by the end of his reign. The Church preached that William's victory was God's will, helping to pacify a deeply religious Anglo-Saxon population. Administratively, William retained the effective Anglo-Saxon shire system and the use of royal writs but adapted them to Norman needs. The compilation of the Domesday Book in 1086 was a monumental administrative feat that allowed William to understand the wealth of his kingdom, prevent tax evasion, and assert his supreme ownership of all land in England, further locking down royal control.

### Conclusion
In conclusion, while extreme violence and terror were essential for breaking the back of active Anglo-Saxon resistance—particularly during the crises of 1069–1070—they were not sustainable as a sole method of governance. Terror successfully pacified the population through fear, but long-term, stable control of England was only achieved through the structural imposition of castles, the systemic redistribution of land to a loyal Norman elite, and the spiritual and legal legitimacy provided by the Normanised Church and administrative state. Therefore, violence was the ultimate shield against rebellion, but institutional and physical control was the true foundation of William’s lasting rule.

**Level 5 (17–20 marks)**
Candidates demonstrate detailed, accurate, and wide-ranging knowledge to construct a highly balanced, analytical, and well-focused explanation. The essay addresses both the prompt factor (violence/terror) and alternative factors (castles, feudalism, the Church, etc.) in equal depth, reaching a logical, nuanced conclusion.

**Level 4 (13–16 marks)**
Candidates use accurate and detailed knowledge to explain different factors. The response is clearly balanced and examines both sides of the argument, though one side may be more developed than the other. There is a clear attempt to reach a conclusion based on the arguments.

**Level 3 (9–12 marks)**
Candidates construct a one-sided explanation that provides good depth on either violence or other methods of control; OR they provide a two-sided argument that is superficial, highly descriptive, or lacks analytical depth. Historical knowledge is mostly accurate.

**Level 2 (5–8 marks)**
Candidates demonstrate some relevant historical knowledge about how William controlled England but write a largely descriptive narrative. Points are only weakly linked to the analytical focus of the question.

**Level 1 (1–4 marks)**
Candidates provide general assertions or highly limited, disjointed details. The response lacks focus on the question and exhibits very little historical understanding.

To construct a high-scoring response, students should:
1. Clearly state the name of the site and the chosen period of significance (e.g., Framlingham Castle in the late 12th century under the Bigods, or Fountains Abbey during the 13th-century Cistercian expansion).
2. Identify specific physical features of the site dating from this period (e.g., the massive defensive curtain walls and open-backed towers of Framlingham, or the austere, unornamented early architecture and extensive layout of the church and cloister at Fountains).
3. Explain what these features reveal about the values or beliefs of the people involved (e.g., Framlingham's lack of a central keep and focus on a grand curtain wall reflected the Bigod family's desire to project supreme status, wealth, and defiance against royal authority; Fountains Abbey's simple stone carving and isolated location reflected the Cistercian devotion to poverty, labor, and separation from worldly temptations).
4. Integrate detailed historical context to support the analysis, demonstrating how the physical remains are direct evidence of the ideas, social status, or religious movements of the era.
5. Conclude with a balanced summary that directly addresses how successfully the physical site functions as a 'document' of those contemporary values.

CRITERIA FOR CONTENT (20 Marks):

Level 4 (16-20 marks): Strong, analytically focused response. Candidates demonstrate a detailed and accurate knowledge of the physical features of their chosen site during the selected period. They explain clearly and in depth how these features reflect the values, beliefs, or motivations of the builders/alterers, seamlessly integrating precise local physical detail with wider historical context.

Level 3 (11-15 marks): Good explanatory response. Candidates identify several relevant physical features and explain how they relate to the values or beliefs of the period. There is a good balance of site-specific description and historical context, though some explanations may be slightly general or uneven.

Level 2 (6-10 marks): Descriptive response. Candidates describe physical features of the site and make basic or generalized assertions about the beliefs or values of the creators, but the link between the physical evidence and the historical context is weak or lacks depth.

Level 1 (1-5 marks): Basic response. Candidates show limited knowledge of the site, offering a highly generalized description with little or no explanation of contemporary values or beliefs.

SPELLING, PUNCTUATION AND GRAMMAR (5 Marks):
- High Performance (4-5 marks): Candidates spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy, use a wide range of specialist terms, and use rules of grammar with effective control.
- Intermediate Performance (2-3 marks): Candidates spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy, use some specialist terms, and use rules of grammar with general control.
- Threshold Performance (1 mark): Candidates spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy, use few specialist terms, and use basic grammatical rules.
- 0 marks: No rewardable representation.

To construct a high-scoring response, students should:
1. Identify the chosen site and explain its specific geographic and strategic location (e.g., built on a natural defensive promontory, situated near a major river junction, or positioned near key trade routes or raw materials like coal/iron).
2. Detail how this location directly influenced the initial design (e.g., building massive earthworks to exploit natural ridges, or incorporating water management systems/wharves to handle trade).
3. Explain how connections to the wider area (e.g., proximity to political centers, trade networks, or hostile borders) influenced how the site was used and adapted over time (e.g., a castle transitioning from a defensive military outpost into a palatial residence once regional conflicts subsided; or an industrial mill expanding its transport links via canals and railways to reach national markets).
4. Support the argument with specific physical features (e.g., visible remnants of canal basins, defensive ditches, modified gateways, or building materials imported from other regions) and appropriate historical context.
5. Structure the answer logically, showing how the interplay between location and wider connections drove physical and functional changes across different historical phases.

CRITERIA FOR CONTENT (20 Marks):

Level 4 (16-20 marks): Strong, analytically focused response. Candidates demonstrate a highly detailed and accurate knowledge of how the site's location and regional connections shaped its development. They use precise physical evidence to explain both the initial design and the subsequent changes in use over time, supported by a sophisticated understanding of wider historical context.

Level 3 (11-15 marks): Good explanatory response. Candidates identify key features of the site's location and regional context, explaining how these factors influenced its design and/or use. The response features sound physical detail and historical context, though the links between location, design, and change over time may not be fully developed in all parts.

Level 2 (6-10 marks): Descriptive response. Candidates describe where the site is located and what it looks like, but provide only limited or generalized explanations of how this location or regional connection influenced its design and changing functions.

Level 1 (1-5 marks): Basic response. Candidates present a limited description of the site's location with little to no reference to its design, connections, or historical changes.

SPELLING, PUNCTUATION AND GRAMMAR (5 Marks):
- High Performance (4-5 marks): Candidates spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy, use a wide range of specialist terms, and use rules of grammar with effective control.
- Intermediate Performance (2-3 marks): Candidates spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy, use some specialist terms, and use rules of grammar with general control.
- Threshold Performance (1 mark): Candidates spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy, use few specialist terms, and use basic grammatical rules.
- 0 marks: No rewardable representation.

The Viking Great Heathen Army, which invaded Anglo-Saxon England in 865, successfully conquered the kingdoms of Northumbria, East Anglia, and Mercia. Wessex was the only major kingdom to successfully resist conquest.

Award 1 mark for any one of the following correct answers: Northumbria, East Anglia, or Mercia. Do not accept Wessex.

King Harald Bluetooth (Harald Gormsson) erected the Jelling Stone in Denmark around 965. The inscription boasts of his achievements, including unifying Denmark and Norway and Christianising his subjects.

Award 1 mark for identifying Harald Bluetooth (also accept Harald Gormsson or Harald I of Denmark).

The Volga Vikings exchanged fur, amber, and enslaved people for silver coins called dirhams, minted by the Abbasid Caliphate and other Islamic states, which have been discovered in major archaeological hoards across Scandinavia.

Award 1 mark for dirhams (also accept dirham).

A strong summary should demonstrate a clear, structured understanding of how the Rus (Swedish Vikings) established trade and settlements along the eastern river systems, connecting Scandinavia with major southern empires.

Key points to cover:
- **The Routes and Navigation:** Vikings from Sweden sailed across the Baltic Sea and navigated deep into the interior of Eastern Europe using river systems like the Volga (leading to the Caspian Sea and the Abbasid Caliphate) and the Dnieper (leading to the Black Sea and the Byzantine Empire). They used lightweight longships and had to carry them over land (portage) to bypass rapids.
- **Establishment of Trading Posts and Towns:** Key settlements grew as trade hubs, such as Staraya Ladoga (the initial gateway), Novgorod (Holmgard), and Kiev (Koenugard). Kiev eventually became the capital of the Kievan Rus.
- **Trade Goods and Exchanges:** The main commodities traded by the Rus were high-value northern goods: furs, amber, beeswax, honey, and enslaved people (Slavs). In return, they acquired massive quantities of silver dirhams from the Abbasid Caliphate and luxury goods like silk, spices, and glass from Byzantium (Constantinople/Miklagard).
- **Diplomatic and Military Contact:** Contacts with the Byzantine Empire evolved from initial raids to formal trade treaties and military service, culminating in the creation of the elite Varangian Guard to protect the Byzantine Emperor, and the eventual conversion of Vladimir the Great to Orthodox Christianity in 988.

This question is marked out of 9 using a three-level mark scheme:

**Level 3 (7-9 marks):**
- Shows detailed and accurate knowledge of Viking activity along the eastern river routes.
- The response is well-structured, coherent, and organised chronologically or thematically (e.g., separating routes, settlements, and goods/connections).
- Supports points with specific, accurate examples (e.g., mentioning Kiev, Staraya Ladoga, silver dirhams, portage, or the Varangian Guard).

**Level 2 (4-6 marks):**
- Demonstrates good general knowledge of the Volga Vikings/Rus but may lack depth or specific examples.
- The response has some organisation but may read more like a list of points rather than a flowing summary.

**Level 1 (1-3 marks):**
- Demonstrates basic, limited knowledge of Vikings trading in the east.
- Lacks structure, clarity, or relevant supporting examples.

An excellent response should explain at least two distinct reasons for Viking expansion along the eastern river routes: 1. Economic Trade and Wealth: The Volga and Dnieper rivers served as crucial highways connecting the resource-rich Baltic region with the fabulously wealthy Islamic Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople. The Vikings (often called the Rus) traded highly prized northern goods such as furs, amber, honey, and slaves (thralls). In return, they acquired massive quantities of silver dirhams (which have been found in large hoards across Scandinavia) and luxury silks. This desire for material wealth was a primary pull factor. 2. Settlement, Tribute, and State-Building: As the Vikings established seasonal camps along these river systems, they realized the potential of establishing permanent bases to control trade. They founded and fortified major settlements like Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, and Kiev. By establishing dominance over the local Slavic and Finnic populations, they could extract tribute (such as furs) to fuel their trading networks. Over time, these settlements developed into sophisticated political entities, culminating in the creation of the Kievan Rus under the Rurik dynasty.

Level 4 (9-10 marks): Explains two or more reasons for Viking travel and settlement along eastern river routes with accurate, specific historical detail (e.g., referencing the Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, silver dirhams, specific trade goods, and key settlements like Kiev or Novgorod). Level 3 (6-8 marks): Explains one reason in depth, OR identifies multiple reasons but with limited explanation of how they drove eastern expansion. Level 2 (3-5 marks): Identifies reasons but provides little historical depth, or writes a general narrative of Viking movement east without analytical focus. Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple, generalized statements with little or no historical support. Level 0 (0 marks): No response or no response worthy of credit.

An excellent response should explain at least two distinct reasons for Viking expansion along the eastern river routes: 1. Economic Trade and Wealth: The Volga and Dnieper rivers served as crucial highways connecting the resource-rich Baltic region with the fabulously wealthy Islamic Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad and the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople. The Vikings (often called the Rus) traded highly prized northern goods such as furs, amber, honey, and slaves (thralls). In return, they acquired massive quantities of silver dirhams (which have been found in large hoards across Scandinavia) and luxury silks. This desire for material wealth was a primary pull factor. 2. Settlement, Tribute, and State-Building: As the Vikings established seasonal camps along these river systems, they realized the potential of establishing permanent bases to control trade. They founded and fortified major settlements like Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, and Kiev. By establishing dominance over the local Slavic and Finnic populations, they could extract tribute (such as furs) to fuel their trading networks. Over time, these settlements developed into sophisticated political entities, culminating in the creation of the Kievan Rus under the Rurik dynasty.

Level 4 (9-10 marks): Explains two or more reasons for Viking travel and settlement along eastern river routes with accurate, specific historical detail (e.g., referencing the Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, silver dirhams, specific trade goods, and key settlements like Kiev or Novgorod). Level 3 (6-8 marks): Explains one reason in depth, OR identifies multiple reasons but with limited explanation of how they drove eastern expansion. Level 2 (3-5 marks): Identifies reasons but provides little historical depth, or writes a general narrative of Viking movement east without analytical focus. Level 1 (1-2 marks): Simple, generalized statements with little or no historical support. Level 0 (0 marks): No response or no response worthy of credit.

To answer this question effectively, a balanced argument must be constructed that evaluates the significance of the creation of the Rus state against other key consequences of the Volga Vikings' expansion. Arguments agreeing with the statement should focus on the political legacy of the Volga Vikings. According to the Primary Chronicle, the Varangian leader Rurik established control in Novgorod around 862, and his successor Oleg seized Kiev in 882, uniting these northern and southern territories to form the Kievan Rus. This state unified previously fragmented Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes under a Viking ruling dynasty (the Rurikids). It created a major regional superpower that laid the foundations for modern Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, representing a profound, long-term political transformation of Eastern Europe. Arguments disagreeing with the statement should explore other major results of this expansion. Firstly, the economic impact was immense. The Vikings established highly lucrative trade routes along the Volga and Dnieper rivers, connecting Northern Europe directly with the wealthy markets of Constantinople and Baghdad. They traded valuable commodities like furs, amber, honey, and slaves in exchange for luxury goods like silk and, most importantly, massive quantities of silver. Hundreds of thousands of Arabic silver dirhams found in hoards across Scandinavia demonstrate how this eastern trade fundamentally transformed the Scandinavian economy, driving wealth and political consolidation back home. Secondly, cultural and religious assimilation was a massive consequence. Over time, the Norse settlers blended with the local Slavic populations, adopting their language and customs. This culminated in 988 with the conversion of Vladimir the Great to Orthodox Christianity, which permanently aligned the region culturally and religiously with the Byzantine Empire rather than Western Europe or the Islamic world. In conclusion, while the creation of the Rus state was a monumental political outcome, it cannot be separated from the trade networks that financed it or the cultural assimilation that defined its identity. Many historians argue that the economic influx of silver was the primary driver that made all other developments, including state formation, possible.

Level 5 (16-18 marks): Explains and evaluates both sides of the argument in a balanced and well-structured essay. Demonstrates superb, detailed historical knowledge of the Volga Vikings, including specific details like the role of Rurik and Oleg, the Kievan Rus, trading with the Abbasid Caliphate and Byzantium, and the role of silver dirhams. Reaches a clear, reasoned, and justified conclusion. Level 4 (13-15 marks): Explains both sides of the argument but may lack the analytical depth or precise factual detail of Level 5. Good knowledge of both the political development of the Rus and the economic/cultural impacts of the trade routes. Level 3 (9-12 marks): Explains one side of the argument in detail (e.g., focusing only on the establishment of Kievan Rus or only on trade and silver), or offers a superficial, brief explanation of both. Shows sound knowledge but lacks balance or detailed analysis. Level 2 (5-8 marks): Identifies relevant points but writes a largely descriptive account with limited analysis of 'significance'. Knowledge may be generalized or containing minor inaccuracies. Level 1 (1-4 marks): Simple assertions or extremely limited narrative. Shows very basic knowledge of the Vikings in the east with little or no focus on the prompt. Level 0 (0 marks): No response or response worthy of no credit.

To assess the utility of Source A, candidates should analyze both its content and its provenance using their historical knowledge. 1. Content: The source describes the immense challenges of the siege of Antioch in June 1098. The Crusaders, having captured the city, were immediately besieged inside it by a huge Muslim relief army led by Kerbogha of Mosul. The source accurately details the resulting famine (eating leaves and horse hides) and the crisis of morale, which led to high-profile desertions like that of Stephen of Blois (the 'rope-runners'). 2. Provenance: The Gesta Francorum was written by an anonymous knight who personally participated in these events, making it a highly valuable record of the physical and psychological toll of the siege. However, its purpose is also to celebrate the eventual victory as a divine miracle, which explains the harsh condemnation of deserters like Stephen of Blois who missed the 'miraculous' turn of events (such as the discovery of the Holy Lance and the subsequent defeat of Kerbogha).

Level 3 (5-7 marks): Candidates evaluate both the source content and its provenance in historical context. They explain how the content shows the severe physical (famine) and mental (terror, desertions) pressures of the second siege of Antioch (June 1098), and evaluate how its nature as an eyewitness crusader account makes it highly useful for capturing the army's desperation, while noting its intent to condemn deserters. (6-7 marks for well-developed arguments). Level 2 (3-4 marks): Candidates explain the utility of either the content or the provenance. For example, they explain what the source reveals about the famine and desertions, or discuss the reliability of the Gesta Francorum without fully linking both elements to the enquiry. Level 1 (1-2 marks): Candidates extract basic information from the source (e.g., 'they ate horse skins and Stephen of Blois left') or make simple, unanalyzed comments about provenance (e.g., 'it is useful because it was written by someone who was there').

To assess the utility of Source A, candidates should analyze both its content and its provenance using their historical knowledge: 1. Content: The source describes the immense challenges of the siege of Antioch in June 1098. The Crusaders, having captured the city, were immediately besieged inside it by a huge Muslim relief army led by Kerbogha of Mosul. The source accurately details the resulting famine (eating leaves and horse hides) and the crisis of morale, which led to high-profile desertions like that of Stephen of Blois (the 'rope-runners'). 2. Provenance: The Gesta Francorum was written by an anonymous knight who personally participated in these events, making it a highly reliable record of the physical and psychological toll of the siege. However, its purpose is also to celebrate the eventual victory as a divine miracle, which explains the harsh condemnation of deserters like Stephen of Blois who missed the 'miraculous' turn of events (such as the discovery of the Holy Lance and the subsequent defeat of Kerbogha).

Level 3 (5-7 marks): Candidates evaluate both the source content and its provenance in historical context. They explain how the content shows the severe physical (famine) and mental (terror, desertions) pressures of the second siege of Antioch (June 1098), and evaluate how its nature as an eyewitness crusader account makes it highly useful for capturing the army's desperation, while noting its intent to condemn deserters. (6-7 marks for well-developed arguments). Level 2 (3-4 marks): Candidates explain the utility of either the content or the provenance. For example, they explain what the source reveals about the famine and desertions, or discuss the reliability of the Gesta Francorum without fully linking both elements to the enquiry. Level 1 (1-2 marks): Candidates extract basic information from the source (e.g., 'they ate horse skins and Stephen of Blois left') or make simple, unanalyzed comments about provenance (e.g., 'it is useful because it was written by someone who was there').

### Sample High-Level Response (Level 5, 13-15 Marks)

**Introduction**
Interpretation A suggests that religious devotion and a belief in divine intervention were the decisive factors behind the crusaders' success in capturing Jerusalem in July 1099. While spiritual zeal and ceremonial acts of faith certainly restored morale at a critical juncture, this view is somewhat limited. The capture of Jerusalem was equally dependent on crucial military strategies, materials (such as Genoese timber), and the severe political disunity among the Muslim defenders.

**Arguments supporting Interpretation A (Religious Devotion)**
There is strong historical evidence to support Interpretation A's emphasis on spiritual renewal. By July 1099, the crusaders were in desperate straits: they were short of water in the summer heat, heavily outnumbered, and plagued by divisions between leaders like Raymond of Toulouse and Godfrey of Bouillon. The situation changed dramatically after a vision reported by Peter Desiderius, which instructed the crusaders to fast and march barefoot around the walls of Jerusalem, mirroring the biblical siege of Jericho. This procession on July 8th restored unity and inspired an almost fanatical determination among the troops. This spiritual frenzy made them willing to endure extreme casualties when they launched their final assault on July 13–15, suggesting that religious belief was indeed the psychological engine that prevented the siege from collapsing.

**Arguments challenging Interpretation A (Alternative Factors)**
However, faith alone could not have breached the formidable Fatimid fortifications of Jerusalem; practical military tactics and resources were vital.
1. **Engineering and Materials:** The arrival of Genoese ships at Jaffa provided the crusaders with essential timber, tools, and skilled craftsmen. Under the supervision of Gaston of Béarn, they constructed two massive siege towers. Without these towers and catapults, scaling the high walls would have been virtually impossible.
2. **Tactical Flexibility:** Godfrey of Bouillon displayed excellent tactical skill during the assault. Recognizing that the defenders had reinforced the wall opposite his siege tower, he dismantled and moved the tower overnight to a weaker, less-defended sector of the northern wall. This caught the garrison completely off-guard and allowed the crusaders to establish a foothold.
3. **Muslim Disunity:** The broader geopolitical context also played a major role. The Fatimid defenders in Jerusalem were isolated. Because of deep divisions between Sunni Seljuks and Shia Fatimids, no relief army arrived from Damascus or Baghdad to lift the siege, leaving the garrison to face the crusaders alone.

**Conclusion**
In conclusion, while Interpretation A correctly identifies religious devotion as the vital psychological force that revived the crusaders' resolve, it presents an incomplete picture. The successful capture of Jerusalem was a combination of this intense spiritual conviction and highly practical elements: the timely arrival of Genoese resources, astute tactical maneuvers by leaders like Godfrey, and the isolation of the Fatimid garrison. Therefore, while religious faith was a necessary catalyst, it was not the sole reason for success.

### Marking Scheme

**AO4 (10 marks):** Analyse, evaluate and make substantiated judgements about interpretations in the context of historical events studied.
**AO1/AO2 (5 marks):** Demonstrate, apply and analyse knowledge and understanding of the key features and characteristics of the period.

#### Level 5 (13-15 marks)
* **Criteria:** Demonstrates a highly detailed and balanced evaluation of Interpretation A, using rich, accurate contextual knowledge to both support and challenge the claim. Formulates a clear, logical, and highly convincing judgement that directly addresses 'how far' they agree.
* **Key Indicators:** Evaluates both the role of religious devotion (e.g., Peter Desiderius, barefoot procession, visions) and other critical factors (e.g., Genoese timber, moving of siege towers, Muslim disunity). Writes a balanced essay with a sophisticated conclusion.

#### Level 4 (10-12 marks)
* **Criteria:** Provides a balanced response that uses good contextual knowledge to both support and challenge the view in Interpretation A. The judgment is clear, though it may lack the depth of a Level 5 response.
* **Key Indicators:** Explicitly addresses the interpretation's focus on religious faith, and presents at least one other military/political factor (e.g., siege towers or lack of Muslim relief army) with accurate historical detail.

#### Level 3 (7-9 marks)
* **Criteria:** Displays a one-sided evaluation that either purely supports or purely challenges Interpretation A, supported by relevant historical knowledge. Alternatively, a balanced response that is superficial in its detail.
* **Key Indicators:** May focus extensively on the religious elements of the siege of Jerusalem or provide a general narrative of the siege without close evaluation of the interpretation.

#### Level 2 (4-6 marks)
* **Criteria:** Shows basic understanding of Interpretation A and provides limited contextual knowledge of the First Crusade or the siege of Jerusalem.
* **Key Indicators:** Assertions are made without sustained historical evidence, or the response relies heavily on paraphrasing the interpretation.

#### Level 1 (1-3 marks)
* **Criteria:** Identifies simple points from the interpretation or offers very generalized/inaccurate comments about the Crusades.
* **Key Indicators:** Fragmentary answers; minimal historical detail.

#### Guidance on Specific Content:
* **To support the interpretation:** Students can reference the terrible conditions of the siege (heat, thirst), the impact of the barefoot procession around the city on 8 July 1099, the spiritual leadership of Adhemar of Le Puy (posthumously) and Peter Desiderius, and the belief in divine favor that drove crusaders to fight despite immense depletion of forces.
* **To challenge/supplement the interpretation:** Students can discuss the arrival of Genoese ships at Jaffa providing timber; the engineering skill in constructing two siege towers; Godfrey of Bouillon's tactical decision to relocate his tower to a weaker section of the northern wall; the role of Raymond of Toulouse on the southern front; the political division between Fatimids and Seljuks which prevented a unified Muslim response.

To construct a high-quality response, students should address both sides of the argument before reaching a supported judgment.

**Arguments agreeing that Muslim divisions were the main reason:**
* **Sunni-Shi'ite Split:** The deep theological and political rift between the Sunni Seljuk Turks (who controlled Syria) and the Shi'ite Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt prevented any coordinated Islamic response. The Fatimids actually expelled the Seljuks from Jerusalem in 1098, meaning the crusaders faced a recently installed and isolated Fatimid garrison in July 1099 rather than a unified Turkish-Arab front.
* **Internal Seljuk Rivalries:** Regional leaders in Syria, such as Radwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus, were intensely suspicious of one another and failed to combine their forces effectively. This allowed the crusaders to march south through Palestine relatively unhindered as local rulers chose to make treaties rather than fight.
* **Lack of a Unified Relief Force:** The Fatimid vizier, al-Afdal, did not dispatch a relief army quickly enough to save Jerusalem, and when he did, it was defeated at the Battle of Ascalon in August 1099 because of poor coordination and preparation.

**Arguments challenging the statement (other factors for success):**
* **Military Leadership and Adaptability:** The crusaders demonstrated superb tactical flexibility. During the siege of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon successfully moved his siege tower overnight to a weaker section of the northern wall, catching the defenders completely by surprise.
* **Religious Zeal and Morale:** Despite extreme starvation, thirst, and heat, the crusaders' religious conviction kept them united. This was exemplified by the barefoot procession around the walls of Jerusalem on 8 July 1099, inspired by visions, which renewed their determination to breach the city.
* **Logistical Support:** The arrival of Genoese and English supply ships at the port of Jaffa provided vital timber, tools, and nails. Without these materials, the crusaders would have been unable to construct the siege towers and catapults necessary to breach the formidable walls of Jerusalem.

**Conclusion:**
An excellent conclusion should weigh these factors. While Muslim divisions created a vacuum of unified resistance and prevented a timely, overwhelming counter-offensive, the crusaders still had to exploit this opportunity. Therefore, it was the combination of Muslim fragmentation and the crusaders' own tactical flexibility and intense religious motivation that made the capture of Jerusalem possible.

**Level 6 (16–18 marks):**
Demonstrates detailed, highly relevant, and accurate historical knowledge. Evaluates the prompt with a fully balanced, analytical argument. Considers both the impact of Muslim divisions (Sunni/Shi'ite split, regional rivalries) and alternative factors (crusader tactics, religious zeal, Genoese naval aid). Reaches a logical and well-substantiated conclusion.

**Level 5 (13–15 marks):**
Demonstrates good historical knowledge. Explains both sides of the argument clearly, showing how Muslim divisions and other factors contributed to the capture of Jerusalem, but the final judgment may lack the depth of a Level 6 response.

**Level 4 (10–12 marks):**
Explains at least one factor in depth (e.g., details on Muslim rivalries) or offers a basic explanation of both sides. Knowledge is mostly accurate but lacks specific details in some areas.

**Level 3 (7–9 marks):**
Identifies relevant factors (e.g., 'the Turks and Egyptians did not get along', 'the crusaders built siege towers') but relies more on description than structured analysis or explanation.

**Level 2 (4–6 marks):**
Provides general information about the First Crusade or the siege of Jerusalem, with limited relevance to the specific question of why they succeeded.

**Level 1 (1–3 marks):**
Very basic or fragmented points; lacks historical depth or focus on the question.