2025 Cambridge IGCSE Geography (0460) Practice Paper with Answers

A coastal spit requires:
1. Active longshore drift / large supply of sand or shingle sediment moving along the coastline in a dominant direction.
2. An abrupt change in the shape/direction of the coastline (such as a river estuary, bay, or corner of a headland), allowing deposition into sheltered, calmer water.

Award 1 mark per valid point up to 2 marks:
- Dominant / prevailing wind from an angle / active longshore drift;
- Abundant supply of sand / shingle / sediment;
- Change in coastline orientation / presence of an estuary / river mouth / bay;
- Shallow water / slack water / sheltered conditions for deposition;

NOT: 'calm weather alone' without reference to sheltered deposition area.

Characteristics of a Central Business District (CBD) include:
- Tall / high-rise multi-storey buildings (vertical zonation) due to high bid-rent / expensive land prices.
- High concentration of department stores, specialist retail shops, banks, and corporate offices.
- High pedestrian and vehicular traffic density / convergence of major public transport routes.
- Relatively low permanent residential population.

Award 1 mark per valid point up to 2 marks:
- High land values / high bid-rent / expensive land;
- Tall / high-rise / multi-storey buildings / vertical development;
- High concentration of retail shops / department stores / offices / financial services;
- High pedestrian / traffic flow / convergence point for public transport routes;
- Low residential population / few houses;

NOT: 'lots of factories' / 'industrial estates'.

1. Tectonic plates are moving towards each other driven by convection currents.
2. The denser oceanic plate subducts (sinks) beneath the less dense continental plate.
3. Friction and resistance cause the plates to become locked/stuck, causing huge amounts of strain/pressure to accumulate.
4. Eventually, the rock reaches its breaking point and snaps, suddenly releasing the stored elastic strain energy as seismic waves radiating from the focus.

Award 1 mark for each valid explanatory point up to 3 marks (development marks indicated by dev):
- Plates move towards each other / collide / convergent motion;
- Oceanic plate subducts beneath continental plate / plate sinks into mantle;
- Friction / plates get locked / stick together;
- Pressure / strain builds up over time (dev);
- Sudden release of stress / rock fractures / jolts free;
- Seismic waves radiate from the focus;

MAX 2 if no mention of friction, pressure buildup, or subduction/collision.

Methods to improve rural clean water access include:
- Drilling boreholes and deep tube wells to reach uncontaminated aquifers, fitted with low-maintenance mechanical hand pumps (e.g., Afridev pumps).
- Rooftop rainwater harvesting systems with guttering and covered storage tanks to prevent contamination and mosquito breeding.
- Gravity-fed piped water schemes from protected upland springs.
- Simple domestic filtration and chlorination/solar water disinfection (SODIS) kits.

Award 1 mark per valid method up to 2 marks:
- Drilling boreholes / tube wells (fitted with hand pumps);
- Rainwater harvesting / collection tanks / cisterns on roofs;
- Protected spring systems / gravity-fed piped water from upland springs;
- Building small-scale sand dams / earth check dams;
- Installation of communal water filtration / chlorination units / SODIS (solar disinfection);

NOT: 'build large desalination plants' (inappropriate for rural developing contexts).

Rural push factors include:
- Crop failure, infertile soils, or frequent natural disasters such as droughts and floods.
- Lack of well-paid employment or mechanisation of farming reducing manual agricultural jobs.
- Poor access to basic public services, such as healthcare clinics, reliable clean water, and secondary schools.
- Land division / overpopulation resulting in plots too small for subsistence farming.

Award 1 mark per valid push factor up to 2 marks:
- Drought / crop failure / famine / pest infestations;
- Lack of jobs / low wages / unemployment caused by farm mechanisation;
- Poor infrastructure / lack of electricity / unreliable clean water;
- Inadequate services / lack of healthcare / hospitals / secondary schools;
- Overpopulation leading to land subdivision / landlessness / soil exhaustion;

NOT: pull factors (e.g. 'better jobs in the city'). Must be phrased as rural negatives/push factors.

1. Longshore drift carries sediment parallel to the shore driven by prevailing wind/oblique swash and right-angled backwash.
2. Where the coast turns abruptly, sediment continues to be deposited into the deeper, calmer water of a river mouth or bay.
3. The ridge builds above high tide over time, extending out into open water.
4. Periodic changes in dominant wind direction or opposing tidal river currents alter wave approach, bending the distal tip back towards the mainland to form recurved hooks/laterals.

1 mark per valid point / explained step (up to 2.5 marks / max 3 credited ideas):
- Prevailing winds carry waves at an oblique angle to the coast / swash moves material up at an angle;
- Backwash returns sediment at 90 degrees under gravity (process of longshore drift) (dev);
- Coastline changes direction / indentation / estuary mouth;
- Energy drops in sheltered water leading to deposition;
- Ridge of sand/shingle extends across the bay/estuary mouth;
- Secondary wind direction / change in wave direction refracts/curves the spit end (recurved lateral / hook);
- River currents prevent spit from joining opposite shore (dev).

[NOT: Spit joins two headlands / creates a bar].

Land near the CBD commands high land values / bid rent because it is highly accessible. Developers build vertically (high-rise apartments) to maximize floor space per unit area and offset land costs. Workers also choose high-density inner-city accommodation to minimize commuting times and transport expenses to downtown workplaces.

1 mark per valid linked reason (up to 2.5 marks):
- High land values / expensive land (due to bid-rent theory / high accessibility);
- Building vertically / multi-storey maximizes profit / floor space per unit of land (dev);
- High demand for housing close to employment / commercial centres in CBD;
- Reduces commuting time / lowers transport costs for city workers;
- Limited availability of undeveloped land / high land competition forces dense development.

[NOT: Just 'lots of people live there' without explaining why high density is chosen].

Rural areas push migrants away due to poverty, mechanisation/unemployment in farming, soil degradation, natural disasters, and poor infrastructure (lack of clinics/schools). Simultaneously, cities pull migrants with perceived employment opportunities in industries/services, higher wages, modern healthcare, tertiary education, and improved public services.

1 mark per credited push or pull factor (up to 2.5 marks / max 3):
- Rural push: low farm yields / crop failure / drought / natural disasters;
- Rural push: mechanisation leading to rural unemployment / low agricultural wages;
- Rural push: poor infrastructure (lack of hospitals / clean water / electricity / schools);
- Urban pull: greater range / higher availability of jobs in manufacturing/services;
- Urban pull: higher wage rates / perceived wealth / better standard of living (dev);
- Urban pull: better access to secondary/tertiary education and healthcare facilities / bright lights effect.

[Note: Credit both push and pull ideas. Give credit for developed reasoning].

1. Composite volcanoes are located at destructive/convergent subduction zones where melting oceanic crust generates acidic/andesitic magma with high silica content.
2. This magma is highly viscous, which blocks the volcanic vent and traps expanding dissolved gases, generating massive internal pressure that causes explosive eruptions.
3. The thick, viscous lava cannot flow far before solidifying, piling up near the vent together with ejected pyroclastic ash layers to form steep-sided symmetrical cones.

1 mark per valid scientific reason (up to 2.5 marks):
- Viscous / thick / sticky lava (andesitic / rhyolitic / high silica content);
- Traps expanding dissolved gases / steam within the magma chamber / vent;
- Pressure builds up until explosive release / ash and pyroclastic blast (dev);
- Viscous lava flows sluggishly / cools and solidifies rapidly near the vent;
- Alternating layers of ash / cinders and hardened lava build a steep, conical shape (dev).

[NOT: Basaltic lava / runny lava].

Large dams generate hydroelectric power (HEP) which supplies low-cost electricity for industrial operations and saves expenditure on imported fossil fuels. The stored reservoir water allows controlled irrigation of farmland during dry periods, increasing agricultural output and export earnings. In addition, the reservoir generates secondary revenue through commercial fish farming and water-based tourism (e.g. boating and hotels).

1 mark per distinct economic benefit (up to 2.5 marks / max 3):
- Generation of hydroelectric power (HEP) / renewable electricity;
- Powers heavy industry / factories / reduces reliance on expensive fossil fuel imports (dev);
- Reliable water supply for agricultural irrigation / allows multiple crop harvests per year;
- Boosts agricultural yields / exports / increases farm revenue (dev);
- Creates opportunities for commercial fish farming / aquaculture;
- Promotes tourism / water recreation / generates hotel and service jobs around the reservoir;
- Controls downstream flooding, preventing costly damage to infrastructure and farmland (dev).

[NOT: Generic social benefits unless linked to economic outcomes].

1. Swash carries sediment up the beach at an angle following the prevailing wind direction.
2. Backwash pulls material directly back down the slope at 90 degrees under gravity, moving sediment along the coast in a zig-zag movement (longshore drift).
3. When the coastline changes direction (e.g. at a river estuary or bay mouth), the water becomes deeper and wave energy drops.
4. Material is deposited into the sheltered water, gradually building up above sea level to form an extension of land (a spit).
5. Changes in dominant wave or wind direction occasionally cause the end of the spit to curve (recurved end/hook).

Award marks for separate points (up to 2.5 marks):
- Swash moves material at an angle / prevailing wind direction (1);
- Backwash removes material at right angles / 90° / under gravity (1);
- Zig-zag movement along the beach / longshore drift (1);
- Reduction in wave energy / sheltered water causes deposition when coastline changes direction (1);
- Accumulation of material builds up above sea level / into open water (1);
- Secondary / change in wind/wave direction creates a recurved end / hook (1).
(MAX 2.5 marks)

Reasons for increased traffic congestion in the CBD include:
1. Rise in urban population and rising affluence leading to higher private car ownership.
2. High concentration of commercial offices, retail, and services in the CBD attracting large volumes of daily commuters.
3. Historical road infrastructure with narrow streets, tight junctions, and lack of dedicated lanes which cannot accommodate modern traffic flows.
4. Inadequate, unreliable, or expensive public transport options encouraging private car usage.
5. On-street parking and delivery vehicles blocking lanes and restricting smooth traffic movement.

Award marks for valid explanatory points (up to 2.5 marks):
- High concentration of jobs / shops / services in the CBD attracting commuters / radial commuting patterns (1);
- Increased car ownership / more people can afford private vehicles (1);
- Narrow / historical / poorly designed road layouts cannot handle high traffic volumes (1);
- Inadequate / unreliable / expensive public transit forcing people to drive (1);
- Roadworks / delivery vehicles / on-street parking blocking lanes (1);
- Rapid population growth / suburban sprawl increasing journey distances (1).
(MAX 2.5 marks)

To answer this question fully:
1. Identify a clear difference in public transport usage: The CBD has significantly higher Train/Metro and Bus usage than the Outer Suburbs.
2. Identify a clear difference in private car usage: The Outer Suburbs are heavily reliant on private cars, while the CBD has low car usage.
3. Provide paired statistics (percentages) for both zones to achieve the full 3 marks.

1 mark for each valid comparative statement (max 2 if no paired statistics included):
- Greater reliance on train/metro in CBD than Outer Suburbs / higher train usage in CBD (58% vs 15% / 43% higher in CBD);
- Higher percentage use buses in CBD compared to Outer Suburbs (24% vs 10% / 14% higher in CBD);
- Far higher proportion use private cars in Outer Suburbs than CBD (73% vs 12% / 61% higher in Outer Suburbs);
- Slightly more walking/cycling in CBD than Outer Suburbs (6% vs 2% / 4% higher in CBD);
- Overall, public transport (train + bus) is dominant in CBD (82%) whereas private transport dominates Outer Suburbs (73%).

Note: At least one set of paired data required for full 3 marks.

To achieve 3 marks:
1. State the overall pattern/seasonality (uneven distribution, wet season from Nov/Dec to Feb/Mar, dry season from May to Aug).
2. State the maximum rainfall month and value (January with 210 mm).
3. State the minimum rainfall month and value (July with 10 mm) or annual total (1140 mm).

1 mark per valid descriptive point/statistic:
- Unevenly distributed / seasonal rainfall / wet and dry seasons;
- Wet season / highest rainfall in summer / November to March / December to February;
- Dry season / lowest rainfall in winter / May to August / June to August;
- Maximum/peak rainfall in January / 210 mm (allow 200–220 mm);
- Minimum/lowest rainfall in July / 10 mm (allow 5–15 mm);
- Data credit: Total annual rainfall of 1140 mm / range of rainfall is 200 mm.

MAX 2 if no statistics cited.

To achieve full marks:
1. State the relationship regarding fatalities/loss of life (lower development = much higher death toll).
2. State the relationship regarding financial/economic cost (higher development = high economic cost despite very low casualties).
3. Support with comparative statistics from the table (comparing LIC Earthquake Q with HIC Earthquakes P or S).

1 mark per valid point:
- LICs/lower-income countries suffer much higher death tolls/fatalities than HICs / HICs have very few/zero deaths;
- HICs/higher-income countries experience high financial/economic damage despite minimal loss of life;
- Middle-income countries (MIC) have moderate death tolls and costs between LIC and HIC;
- Comparative data credit (e.g., Earthquake Q (LIC) had 220,000 deaths vs Earthquake S (HIC) with 0 deaths / Earthquake P (HIC) cost $16.5 billion vs Earthquake Q (LIC) cost $7.8 billion).

MAX 2 marks if no statistics used.

To answer this question accurately:
1. Describe the continuous growth trend between 2012 and 2019 with data (1.2 million to 2.7 million).
2. Describe the sharp decline in 2020 with data (dropping to 0.6 million).
3. Describe the post-2020 recovery up to 2022 with data (rising to 2.3 million).

1 mark for each valid trend point with accurate data support:
- Overall increase between 2012 and 2022 (from 1.2 million to 2.3 million / increase of 1.1 million);
- Steady / continuous increase from 2012 to 2019 (from 1.2 million to peak of 2.7 million);
- Sharp / rapid fall / drop in 2020 (down to 0.6 million / drop of 2.1 million from 2019);
- Strong recovery / increase from 2020 to 2022 (from 0.6 million to 2.3 million / increase of 1.7 million).

MAX 2 marks if no figures/units (million) included.

To achieve 3 marks:
1. Describe the positive impact at managed sites (Sections A and B) with data (dramatic reduction in erosion rate).
2. Describe the negative downdrift effect at Section D with data (erosion rate increased significantly).
3. State the minimal change at the natural/unmanaged Section C with data.

1 mark per valid descriptive/analytical point:
- Sea wall / Section A had the greatest reduction in erosion / almost completely stopped retreat (from 2.6 m/yr to 0.1 m/yr / reduced by 2.5 m/yr);
- Groynes / Section B effectively reduced cliff retreat (from 2.0 m/yr to 0.4 m/yr / reduced by 1.6 m/yr);
- Unmanaged section / Section C stayed almost constant / slight increase (from 1.8 m/yr to 1.9 m/yr);
- Down-drift area / Section D experienced a significant increase / more than doubling in erosion rate (from 1.4 m/yr to 3.5 m/yr / increased by 2.1 m/yr / terminal groyne syndrome);
- Hard engineering protected the local stretch but transferred/worsened erosion downdrift.

MAX 2 marks if no statistics used.

To compare water usage between the two countries effectively, provide direct comparative statements covering the sectors alongside supportive data:
1. **Agriculture:** Country X allocates significantly more water to agriculture than Country Z (82% in Country X vs 12% in Country Z).
2. **Industry:** Country Z uses a considerably larger share of water for industrial purposes than Country X (58% in Country Z vs 8% in Country X).
3. **Domestic:** Domestic water use is higher in Country Z than in Country X (30% in Country Z vs 10% in Country X).

Full marks require explicit comparisons using comparative language (e.g., higher, lower, greater) and accurate statistical evidence from Table 1.1.

1 mark per valid comparative point (up to 3 marks):

- (Proportion used in) agriculture is greater / higher in Country X / lower in Country Z / 82% in Country X compared to 12% in Country Z / 70% more in Country X;
- (Proportion used in) industry is greater / higher in Country Z / lower in Country X / 58% in Country Z compared to 8% in Country X / 50% more in Country Z;
- (Proportion used for) domestic use is greater / higher in Country Z / lower in Country X / 30% in Country Z compared to 10% in Country X / 20% more in Country Z;
- Agriculture is the largest sector in Country X whereas industry is the largest sector in Country Z;

*Note:* MAX 2 marks if no statistics / data used. Statistics must include paired values or valid difference for full data credit.

Example case study: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Favela Bairro Project / Complexo do Alemão)

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
- The government built brick houses.
- Water pipes and electricity cables were installed.
- New paved roads were built.
- Health clinics and schools were opened.

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
- Under the Favela Bairro Project, local authorities paved steep dirt tracks into asphalt roads with drainage channels to prevent mudslides during tropical downpours.
- Piped water and sewage networks were connected directly to homes, which significantly reduced the incidence of water-borne diseases such as cholera.
- Residents were granted legal land tenure / titles to their plots, which encouraged them to invest their own savings into improving house structures using bricks and concrete (self-help schemes).
- Cable car networks (Teleférico do Alemão) were constructed across hillsides to link residents directly to the central railway network, cutting commute times to city-centre jobs.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Must achieve at least three Level 2 points with authentic, place-specific details for the chosen urban area (e.g., naming the Favela Bairro Project, specific favelas like Rocinha or Complexo do Alemão, mentioning Pacifying Police Units (UPPs), or the Teleférico do Alemão transit system).

Levels of response marking:

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
Simple, generic statements describing strategies to improve informal settlements (e.g., provide clean water; build schools; improve roads).

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
Developed statements explaining or elaborating how specific strategies improve living conditions (e.g., site-and-service schemes supply electricity and water to marked plots so residents can construct safe permanent dwellings; installation of concrete drainage channels reduces flood hazards and water contamination).
Note: Maximum 5 marks if no named example or an inappropriate example is used.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Minimum of three developed Level 2 statements plus comprehensive, place-specific detail (e.g., named programmes like Favela Bairro, specific locations such as Rocinha / Complexo do Alemão, or specific transit/infrastructure investments).

Example case study: Gorkha earthquake, Nepal (25 April 2015)

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
- Many people died and were injured.
- Houses and buildings collapsed.
- Roads were blocked by debris.
- People became homeless and lived in tents.

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
- The 7.8 magnitude earthquake caused the collapse of poorly constructed unreinforced masonry buildings, resulting in nearly 9,000 deaths and over 22,000 injuries.
- Over 600,000 homes were completely destroyed, forcing hundreds of thousands of people into makeshift camps with inadequate sanitation, raising the threat of water-borne diseases.
- Severe secondary hazards such as landslides blocked mountainous transport corridors (e.g., the Tribhuvan Highway) and isolated remote Himalayan villages like Langtang from emergency relief teams.
- Key cultural monuments and tourism infrastructure, including the historic Dharahara Tower in Kathmandu and UNESCO World Heritage sites in Bhaktapur, were completely ruined, devastating future tourism revenue.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Must achieve at least three Level 2 points with authentic, place-specific detail for the chosen earthquake event (e.g., exact death toll ~8,800–9,000; magnitude 7.8 Mw; specific locations such as Kathmandu, Langtang Valley, Everest Base Camp avalanche, or Dharahara Tower).

Levels of response marking:

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
Simple, generic statements describing impacts of an earthquake on people or buildings (e.g., buildings fell down; people were killed; roads broke).

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
Developed statements describing distinct impacts with elaboration/consequences (e.g., collapse of multi-storey concrete structures trapped thousands of residents under rubble; ruptured water mains cut off potable water supply, leading to the spread of diarrhoeal diseases among homeless families).
Note: Maximum 5 marks if no named example or an inappropriate example is used.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Minimum of three developed Level 2 statements plus accurate, place-specific detail (e.g., named towns/valleys, magnitude, specific structures destroyed, or precise statistical data).

Example case study: Galápagos Islands, Ecuador

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
- Tourists have to stay on marked paths.
- A fee is charged to enter the national park.
- Tourists must be with a licensed guide.
- Boats have strict rules.

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
- The Galápagos National Park charges all international visitors an entrance fee (approx. $100–$200), which is directly reinvested into conservation programmes and funding park ranger patrols to eradicate invasive species.
- Strict zoning regulations restrict tourist vessels to fixed 15-day itineraries and designated landing sites to prevent overcrowding and minimise habitat disturbance to ground-nesting seabirds like the blue-footed booby.
- Visitors are legally required to be accompanied by certified bilingual naturalist guides along demarcated trails, ensuring tourists do not step off paths, drop litter, or approach native wildlife closer than 2 metres.
- Biosecurity inspection checkpoints at Baltra and San Cristóbal airports inspect all passenger baggage to prevent the introduction of alien seeds and insects that could decimate endemic flora and fauna.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Must achieve at least three Level 2 points with authentic, place-specific details for the chosen destination (e.g., naming specific islands such as Santa Cruz, Baltra, or Isabela, referencing specific fees/quotas, citing the Galápagos Special Law, or naming endemic species protected like marine iguanas / giant tortoises).

Levels of response marking:

Level 1 (1–3 marks):
Simple, generic statements explaining tourist management methods (e.g., put bins out; limit visitor numbers; make people walk on paths).

Level 2 (4–6 marks):
Developed statements explaining how management methods protect ecosystems/environment (e.g., using designated raised wooden walkways prevents soil compaction and trampling of fragile dune vegetation; tourist entrance levies generate capital to fund wildlife monitoring and anti-poaching wardens).
Note: Maximum 5 marks if no named example or an inappropriate example is used.

Level 3 (7 marks):
Minimum of three developed Level 2 statements plus authentic, place-specific detail (e.g., named national park/marine reserve, specific policies, zoning plans, or specific endemic ecosystems/species managed).

(a) Read eastings first to locate the tenths (43.4), then northings to locate the tenths (78.8), giving the 6-figure grid reference 434 788 (acceptable tolerance 433 787 to 435 789).
(b) Scale is 1:50 000, so 1 cm represents 500 m (0.5 km).
\(10.0\text{ cm} \times 0.5\text{ km/cm} = 5.0\text{ km}\).
(c) Using a protractor measured clockwise from grid north at spot height 312 to triangulation pillar 487 gives 141° (acceptable range: 139° to 143°).

(a) 434 788 (accept eastings 433 to 435; northings 787 to 789) [1 mark];
(b) 5.0 km (accept 4.9 km to 5.1 km) [1 mark];
(c) 141° (accept 139° to 143°) [1.3 marks].

(a) Features visible in the river valley include winding meander loops, an abandoned oxbow lake, and small river islands/confluences.
(b) Contour lines cross the river pointing upstream (V-shapes pointing to higher ground at 180 m in the south-west decreasing to 60 m in the north-east), showing the river flows from SW to NE.

(a) Any two natural drainage features for 1 mark each [2 marks]:
- Meanders / winding channel / loop;
- Oxbow lake / cut-off;
- River island / eyot / braided channel / deposition bar;
- Confluence / tributary junction;
- Wide floodplain / marsh / wetland.
(b) South-West to North-East / SW to NE / from SW / towards NE [1.3 marks].
(NOT: NE to SW).

Port Kelvin has developed because of:
1. Physical site factors: Located on a sheltered inlet/natural embayment protected by headlands, deep water close to shore for navigation, and gentle/flat coastal terrain (contours widely spaced below 10 m).
2. Human/infrastructure factors: Main A-road and railway line terminate at the port, presence of docks/quays for commercial fishing and trade.

Three distinct reasons with map evidence for [1.1 marks each, max 3.3 marks]:
- Sheltered bay / natural harbour / protected by headland (for calm water / safe anchorage);
- Flat / gently sloping land along coast / widely spaced contours (easy to construct buildings / infrastructure);
- Deep water close to coast / estuary mouth (allows ships / boats to dock);
- Road junction / focus of routes / A-class road / railway line (enables inland connectivity / movement of goods);
- Water supply from local stream / river mouth;
- Availability of space on coastal plain (allowing expansion).

(a)(i) Highfield shows buildings aligned along a single road, which is a linear (ribbon) pattern.
(a)(ii) Millthorpe shows buildings clustered tightly around a road junction and central square, which is a nucleated (clustered) pattern.
(b) Map symbols in square 8421 indicate services such as a post office (PO), place of worship with a tower/spire, or school (Sch) which are absent in Highfield.

(a)(i) Linear / ribbon [1 mark].
(a)(ii) Nucleated / clustered [1 mark].
(b) Any one valid service identified from symbol in Millthorpe [1.3 marks]:
- Post office (PO);
- Church / place of worship (with tower / spire);
- School (Sch);
- Railway station / train station;
- Public convenience (PC) / parking / tourist information.

(a) Height difference = \(470\text{ m} - 120\text{ m} = 350\text{ m}\).
(b) \(\text{Gradient} = \frac{\text{Vertical Interval (VI)}}{\text{Horizontal Equivalent (HE)}} = \frac{350\text{ m}}{3000\text{ m}} = \frac{1}{8.57}\), written as 1 in 8.57 (or 1 in 8.6).
(c) Relief description: Closely spaced contour lines near Black Tor indicate steep upper slopes in the south; contours become wider spaced near Valley Farm indicating gentler lower slopes towards the valley bottom.

(a) 350 m / metres [1 mark].
(b) 1 in 8.57 / 1 in 8.6 (accept 1 in 8.5 to 1 in 8.7; allow 1:8.6) [1.3 marks].
(Award 1 mark for correct method \(\frac{350}{3000}\) if calculation incorrect).
(c) Steep in south / upper section; gentle in north / valley floor / lower section; concave slope [1 mark].

(a) To find the six-figure grid reference:
- Locate the easting (vertical grid lines): The church lies between line 24 and line 25, approximately 3 tenths across = 243.
- Locate the northing (horizontal grid lines): The church lies between line 66 and line 67, approximately 8 tenths up = 668.
- Combining these gives 243668 (acceptable range: 242668 to 244668).

(b) Compass direction:
- From spot height 184 m (234672) to the river bridge (256651), the path travels down and to the right on the map.
- This corresponds to South-East (SE) / bearing approx. 135°.

(c) Straight-line distance calculation:
- Measure the map distance between the two points: \(5.4\text{ cm}\).
- Using the map scale \(1:50\,000\) (where \(1\text{ cm} = 0.5\text{ km}\) or \(2\text{ cm} = 1\text{ km}\)):
\[\text{Distance} = 5.4\text{ cm} \times 0.5\text{ km/cm} = 2.7\text{ km}\]
- Acceptable range: 2.6 to 2.8 km.

(a) 243668 ; [1]
(Allow third digit 2, 3, or 4; sixth digit 7, 8, or 9. e.g., 242667 to 244669)

(b) South-east / SE ; [1]
(Allow South South East / SSE. NOT: East-south-east)

(c) 2.7 (km) ; [1]
(Allow tolerance: 2.6 to 2.8 km. Do NOT accept answers given in metres unless the unit 'm' is clearly specified with 2600 to 2800 m)

(a) (i) Country A has the largest primary sector share at 62%.
(ii) In Country B, Secondary = 34%.
(iii) Tertiary in D = 80%, Tertiary in A = 20%. Difference = 80% - 20% = 60%.

(b) Country A is at the lowest level of economic development because:
1. It has the highest primary sector employment (62%), indicating heavy reliance on subsistence agriculture or raw material extraction.
2. It has the lowest tertiary sector employment (20%), reflecting limited service provision and infrastructure.

(c) As countries develop:
1. The percentage of workers in the primary sector decreases due to mechanisation.
2. The percentage in the tertiary sector increases due to greater demand for healthcare, education, retail, and financial services.

(a)(i) Country A [1]
(a)(ii) 34% [1]
(a)(iii) 60% [1]
(b) Country A (no mark for identification alone);
High/highest percentage/proportion in primary sector / 62% in primary [1];
Low/lowest percentage/proportion in tertiary sector / 20% in tertiary [1];
Low percentage in secondary sector / only 18% in secondary [1]. (Max 2 for reasons if Country A selected, 3 total for (b))
(c) Decrease/decline in primary sector/employment [1];
Increase in tertiary sector/employment [1];
Secondary sector increases then decreases / bell-shaped trend [1]. (Max 2)

(a) The rocky, gently sloping area uncovered at low tide is a wave-cut platform / shore platform.
(b) Hydraulic action (power of water forcing air into cracks) and abrasion/corrasion (rock fragments thrown against the cliff face).
(c) Physical features:
- Cliff: Steep/vertical face, bare rock, stratified/layered rock structure, presence of a notch at the base.
- Shoreline/platform: Gently sloping, flat expanse of rock, scattered loose boulders and eroded material.
(d) Waves attack the base of the cliff between high and low tide marks through hydraulic action and abrasion, eroding a wave-cut notch. As undercutting continues, the rock above becomes unsupported and collapses. Repeated collapse causes the cliff to retreat inland, leaving behind a smoothed rock bench known as a wave-cut platform.

(a) Wave-cut platform / shore platform / rocky platform [1]
(b) Any two of:
Hydraulic action [1];
Abrasion / corrasion [1];
Corrosion / solution [1];
Attrition [1]. (Max 2)
(c) Three descriptive points from the photograph:
Vertical / steep cliff face [1];
Layered / stratified rock / horizontal bedding planes [1];
Wave-cut notch / undercutting at cliff foot [1];
Gently sloping / flat rocky foreshore [1];
Loose boulders / rocks / scree on platform [1];
Vegetation on top of cliff / bare cliff face [1]. (Max 3)
(d) Wave attack / erosion forms a notch at the base / undercuts cliff [1];
Overhanging cliff becomes unstable / collapses / retreats [1];
Repeated retreat leaves exposed base / platform [1]. (Max 2)

(a) (i) Rain gauge.
(ii) Diurnal range on Friday = Max Temp (16 °C) - Min Temp (4 °C) = 12 °C.
(iii) Wednesday had 14.5 mm of precipitation, which is the highest.

(b) When cloud cover is high, the temperature range is small (e.g., Wednesday with 8 oktas has a range of 14 - 11 = 3 °C), while when cloud cover is low, the temperature range is large (e.g., Friday with 1 okta has a range of 16 - 4 = 12 °C). This shows an inverse/negative relationship.

(c) (i) Wind vane.
(ii) Barometer.

(d) A Stevenson screen shields instruments from direct sunlight (radiation) and rain, ensuring that true ambient air temperature in the shade is measured.

(a)(i) Rain gauge [1]
(a)(ii) 12 °C (unit required) [1]
(a)(iii) Wednesday [1]
(b) Negative / inverse relationship / higher cloud cover gives smaller range (or vice versa) [1];
Data paired support: e.g. 8 oktas = 3 °C range and 1 okta = 12 °C range [1].
(c)(i) Wind vane / weather vane [1]
(c)(ii) Barometer / aneroid barometer [1]
(d) Protect from direct sun/radiant heat / measure shade temperature / protect from precipitation/wind extremes / allow free air circulation [1].

(a) (i) Zone 1 represents the Central Business District (CBD).
(ii) Zone 4 represents the Rural-Urban Fringe (or Outer Suburbs).

(b) Characteristics of the CBD include:
- Tall/multi-storey buildings to maximise high-value land.
- High concentration of retail outlets, offices, and commercial services.
- Convergence of public transport routes.

(c) Retail/business parks locate in the rural-urban fringe because:
1. Land is significantly cheaper and more available in large continuous parcels than in the inner city.
2. Proximity to ring roads/motorways allows easy car access and large free parking areas for customers and employees.

(d) Traffic congestion causes:
1. Air pollution from vehicle emissions (e.g. nitrogen oxides, particulates).
2. Economic cost/lost time due to delays in deliveries and worker commutes.

(a)(i) CBD / Central Business District [1]
(a)(ii) Rural-urban fringe / outer suburbs / edge of city / suburbs [1]
(b) Any two characteristics:
High-rise / multi-storey buildings [1];
High land values / rents [1];
High concentration of shops / department stores / offices [1];
Transport node / convergence of routes [1];
High pedestrian flow [1]. (Max 2)
(c) Any two reasons:
Cheaper land (per hectare) [1];
More space / room for expansion / large flat sites [1];
Space for extensive car parking [1];
Good accessibility / close to motorways / ring roads / bypasses [1];
Avoids inner-city congestion / narrow streets [1]. (Max 2)
(d) Any two problems:
Air pollution / smog / carbon emissions [1];
Noise pollution [1];
Delays / time wasted / economic cost to businesses [1];
Increased fuel consumption [1];
Emergency services delayed [1];
Stress / road rage [1]. (Max 2)

(a) (i) Boundary X is a constructive / divergent plate boundary (plates moving apart at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
(ii) Boundary Y is a conservative / transform plate boundary (plates sliding past each other at the San Andreas Fault).

(b) Location Z in the middle of a plate is a hotspot (or mantle plume).

(c) At destructive boundaries:
- The denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the continental plate into the asthenosphere/mantle.
- As it sinks, heat, water, and pressure cause partial melting of the rock, forming silica-rich, viscous magma containing trapped gases, which erupts explosively to form steep-sided composite volcanoes.
- The subduction process causes intense friction and sticking between the two plates; when the accumulated stress exceeds friction, sudden slippage releases tremendous shockwaves/earthquakes.

(d) Volcano monitoring methods:
1. Seismometers to detect small harmonic tremors caused by rising magma.
2. Tiltmeters or satellite GPS to measure ground swelling/inflation on the volcano slopes.
3. Gas spectrometers to detect increases in sulfur dioxide or carbon dioxide release.

(a)(i) Constructive / divergent plate boundary [1]
(a)(ii) Conservative / transform plate boundary [1]
(b) Hotspot / mantle plume [1]
(c) Denser oceanic plate subducts / pushed under continental plate [1];
Friction / pressure melts plate / forms magma [1];
Viscous / gas-rich magma rises to form steep/explosive composite volcanoes [1];
Plates lock / stick / build up tension/stress [1];
Sudden release of energy / shockwaves produces earthquakes [1]. (Max 3)
(d) Any two methods:
Seismometers / seismographs (to detect tremors/micro-earthquakes) [1];
Tiltmeters / GPS (to detect ground swelling/bulging/slope change) [1];
Gas sensors / spectrometers (to monitor SO2 / CO2 emissions) [1];
Thermal imaging / satellite infrared (to measure rising temperatures) [1];
Monitoring changes in groundwater / well levels / acidity [1]. (Max 2)

To investigate longshore drift:
1. Place a batch of marked/painted pebbles or a floating object (e.g. an orange or float) into the swash zone at the shoreline at a known start point.
2. Start a stopwatch to record the duration.
3. After a fixed period of time (e.g., 10–20 minutes) or once the object reaches a designated point, locate the pebbles/float.
4. Measure the distance travelled parallel to the shoreline using a tape measure or trundle wheel.
5. Record the compass direction of movement along the beach.
6. Repeat the experiment several times at the same location to calculate a mean rate of movement (e.g. metres per minute).
7. Ensure safety by checking tide times and working in groups away from dangerous wave conditions.

1 mark per valid methodological point (up to max 4 marks):
- Place marked / painted / numbered pebbles / float into swash zone / water's edge / break-point;
- Note / record start time / start stopwatch;
- Leave for a set time period (e.g. 10–30 mins) / time how long to travel a set distance;
- Measure distance travelled parallel to coast using a tape measure / trundle wheel;
- Record compass direction / bearing / alongshore direction of movement;
- Repeat test (at least 3 times) and calculate an average / mean rate;
- Safety point (e.g. check tide tables / wear appropriate footwear / stay out of deep water / work in pairs/groups).

Note: MAX 3 if no measurement tool / time reference mentioned.

To investigate the retail park's sphere of influence using a questionnaire:
1. Design questions to ask for the respondent's home location (e.g. postcode, street name, or settlement of origin).
2. Include questions asking about travel time/distance, frequency of visits, and main type of goods or services being purchased.
3. Use a sampling strategy such as systematic sampling (e.g. asking every 10th person passing by) to avoid bias.
4. Station student pairs at different entrance/exit points of the retail park.
5. Conduct surveys at various times of day or days of the week (e.g. weekday vs. weekend) to ensure a representative sample.
6. Introduce the survey politely and state the academic purpose.

1 mark per valid methodological point (up to max 4 marks):
- Ask for home location / postcode / settlement / street name;
- Ask journey time / distance travelled to the retail park;
- Ask mode of transport used (e.g. car, bus, walk);
- Ask frequency of visits (e.g. weekly, monthly) / reason for visit / types of goods bought (high vs low order);
- Use a recognized sampling method (e.g. systematic / stratified / random) with detail (e.g. every 5th shopper);
- Carry out at multiple entrance/exit points / at different times of day / on different days;
- Mention politeness / introduce purpose of study / ethical consideration (e.g. anonymity).

Note: Do NOT credit general questionnaire layout advice (e.g. 'use tick boxes') unless linked to collecting spatial/travel data.

To measure river velocity across the cross-section:
1. Secure a measuring tape taut across the river channel from one bank to the other, perpendicular to the flow.
2. Divide the width into regular intervals (e.g. every 0.5 metres or 1 metre).
3. If using a flowmeter: position the propeller/impeller facing upstream, submerged at a consistent depth (e.g. 60% of depth from surface), and record the velocity reading over a set time (e.g. 30–60 seconds).
4. If using a float (e.g. orange peel): measure a set distance (e.g. 5 metres) downstream, release the float at that cross-section interval, and time its journey with a stopwatch.
5. Repeat readings at each sampling point across the channel 3 times to calculate an average.
6. Ensure safety by wearing waders/buoyancy aids and checking water depth before wading.

1 mark per valid methodological point (up to max 4 marks):
- Stretch tape measure across channel / from bank to bank (at 90° to flow);
- Measure at regular intervals across the width (e.g. every 0.5 m / 1 m);
- Flowmeter method: place impeller/propeller facing upstream / submerged at consistent depth (e.g. 0.6 depth / halfway down) / record digital readout or count revolutions per minute;
- Float method: measure fixed distance downstream (e.g. 5 m / 10 m) / time float over distance using stopwatch / calculate speed = distance / time;
- Repeat measurement at each position (e.g. 3 times) and calculate mean / average;
- Safety point (e.g. work in pairs / wear life jackets / do not enter fast or deep water).

Note: MAX 3 if only one point across the cross-section is measured (must show how variation across channel is recorded).

To carry out an Environmental Quality Survey (EQS):
1. Identify representative survey points in each zone (e.g. using a transect line from the CBD to the suburbs).
2. Use a pre-designed bi-polar scoring sheet with a balanced numerical scale (e.g. -3 to +3 or 1 to 5).
3. Assess a range of environmental indicators at each location, including litter, noise level, air quality/exhaust fumes, condition of buildings, vandalism/graffiti, and amount of green space.
4. Carry out the assessment as a small group and calculate an average score for each category to reduce subjective bias.
5. Conduct all surveys on the same day and at the same time to ensure fair testing.
6. Mark the exact survey coordinates/points on a base map and take photographs for visual reference.

1 mark per valid methodological point (up to max 4 marks):
- Select multiple survey sites / transect across zones / systematic sampling of locations;
- Use a bi-polar scoring sheet / rating matrix / numerical scale (e.g. -3 to +3 / 1 to 5);
- Assess specific criteria: credit any 2 named factors (e.g. litter, noise, traffic fumes, graffiti, building condition, open space/greenery);
- Group assessment / pool individual scores to calculate mean / reduces subjectivity;
- Fair test condition: carry out at same time of day / same day of the week;
- Record site locations on base map / use GPS / take photos as visual evidence;
- Calculate total / aggregate environmental score for each site.

Note: Do NOT credit purely vague statements like 'look at the environment'.

(i) Locate 17.0 km on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and move vertically up to 0.62 m/s on the vertical axis (y-axis). Mark the point clearly with a small cross or dot within half a small square tolerance.
(ii) Draw a single, straight line of best fit using a ruler that passes evenly between all five plotted points, reflecting the overall positive trend.
(iii) State the direct relationship: as distance downstream from the river source increases, the average water velocity increases (or positive relationship/correlation).

(i) Accurate plot of Site 4 at 17.0 km and 0.62 m/s [1 mark; allow +/- 0.5 small square tolerance].
(ii) Best-fit line drawn with a straight ruler, showing an even balance of points on either side [1 mark].
(iii) Correct statement of relationship: As distance from source increases, velocity increases / positive correlation [0.5 marks]. NOT: Velocity causes distance to increase.

(i) On the bipolar bar chart, shade a bar extending from the 0 line to +2 for 'Litter / cleanliness'. For 'Quality of buildings', indicate the value 0 by a line or unextended bar on the center axis.
(ii) Calculate total score: (+1) + (+1) + (+2) + 0 + (+2) = +6.
(iii) The lowest individual score recorded among the five indicators for Site C is 0, which corresponds to 'Quality of buildings'.

(i) Correct plotting of bar to +2 for Litter / cleanliness and correct representation of 0 for Quality of buildings [1 mark].
(ii) Correct calculation of total score = +6 (or 6) [1 mark].
(iii) Identification of 'Quality of buildings' [0.5 marks].

(i) Add the cumulative percentages to find the final division line: 5% + 10% + 25% + 40% = 80%. Draw a neat vertical line at the 80% mark on the horizontal divided bar graph.
(ii) Apply the correct shading/hatching patterns specified in the key: diagonal lines for 'Sub-rounded' (from 40% to 80%) and stippling/dots for 'Rounded' (from 80% to 100%).
(iii) The category with the highest frequency/percentage is 'Sub-rounded' at 40%.

(i) Accurate vertical dividing line plotted at 80% on the divided bar [1 mark].
(ii) Correct shading applied to both 'Sub-rounded' and 'Rounded' sections matching key [1 mark].
(iii) Modal class identified as 'Sub-rounded' [0.5 marks].

(i) Using a protractor, measure 54 degrees clockwise from the end of the 'Sightseeing and heritage' sector (which ends at 270 degrees), placing the dividing line at 324 degrees (leaving a final sector of 36 degrees).
(ii) Apply the key patterns or labels accurately to the two newly created sectors: 'Shopping and dining' and 'Visiting family and friends'.
(iii) Read the percentage directly from Table 1.4 for 'Beach and water sports' = 45% (54 / 120 * 100).

(i) Correct dividing line plotted with protractor at 324 degrees [1 mark; allow +/- 1 degree tolerance].
(ii) Correct shading/labeling of both remaining segments according to key [1 mark].
(iii) Correct percentage stated: 45% (or 45) [0.5 marks].

(i) On Fig. 1.5, locate Site 4 on the horizontal axis and draw a vertical bar extending exactly to 24.5 °C on the vertical scale. Locate Site 6 and draw a bar extending to 19.0 °C. Shade both bars consistently with the other sites.
(ii) Identify the highest temperature (Site 4 = 24.5 °C) and lowest temperature (Site 3 = 18.0 °C). Calculate the difference: 24.5 - 18.0 = 6.5 °C.
(iii) Site 4 is south-facing in the Northern Hemisphere, so it receives higher levels of direct solar radiation / insolation, or is sheltered from wind by the wall, whereas Site 6 is north-facing and remains in shade.

(i) Both bars plotted accurately to 24.5 °C and 19.0 °C with matching width/shading [1 mark; allow +/- 0.5 small square].
(ii) Correct calculation of range: 24.5 - 18.0 = 6.5 °C [1 mark; unit not required but value must be exact].
(iii) Valid comparative geographical reason: South-facing receives more direct sun/insolation / north-facing is in shade / south-facing wall absorbs and re-radiates heat / shelter from wind [0.5 marks].

(i) Calculation of percentage:
\[ \text{Percentage} = \left(\frac{8}{20}\right) \times 100 = 40\% \]

(ii) Completing the divided bar graph:
- Cumulative total before 'Sub-rounded': Very angular (1) + Angular (3) + Sub-angular (8) = 12 pebbles (60%).
- Adding 5 'Sub-rounded' pebbles gives a cumulative total of 17 pebbles (85%).
- Draw a vertical dividing line at 85% (or 17 pebbles).
- Shade the segment between 60% and 85% with the designated pattern/shading for 'Sub-rounded'.

(i) 40(%) [1 mark];

(ii) Plotting dividing line accurately at 85% / 17 pebbles (within ±1 small square tolerance) [1 mark];
Correct shading / pattern matching the key applied to the 'Sub-rounded' section [0.5 marks].

To answer a hypothesis evaluation question:
1. State a clear evaluative decision regarding whether the hypothesis is supported, partially supported, or rejected.
2. Provide paired data showing the general trend supporting the decision (e.g., compare upstream Site 1 with downstream Site 5).
3. Identify any anomaly or deviation in the data with specific figures (Site 4 increasing compared to Site 3).

1 mark for evaluative decision: Hypothesis is supported / mostly true / partly true (✓HA);
1 mark for supporting data showing overall downstream decrease: Site 1 is 14.8 cm and Site 5 is 3.4 cm / overall decrease of 11.4 cm;
1 mark for identifying anomaly with paired data: Site 4 increases to 9.1 cm compared to 8.5 cm at Site 3 / Site 4 is larger than Site 3;
0.5 mark for referencing specific distances/locations alongside the data (e.g. 1.2 km to 18.5 km).

Evaluate the hypothesis by testing the word 'continuously':
1. State that the hypothesis is only partly true / rejected because the improvement is interrupted.
2. Cite data showing the general increase with distance from the CBD (Point A to Point E).
3. Cite specific data demonstrating the disruption/anomaly at Point D.

1 mark for evaluative decision: Partly true / not fully supported / false because it is not continuous (✓HA);
1 mark for supporting data showing overall increase: Point A (0.2 km) is 12 and Point E (3.5 km) is 29 / increase of 17 points;
1 mark for anomaly data disproving 'continuous': Point D (2.4 km) drops to 14 / Point D is 12 points lower than Point C (26);
0.5 mark for paired comparison with Point B (18 at 0.8 km) or Point C (26 at 1.5 km) illustrating non-linear pattern.

1. Provide an explicit decision confirming the hypothesis is supported.
2. Cite data for destructive wave locations (Sites W and X) showing high wave frequency and steep gradients.
3. Cite comparative data for constructive wave locations (Sites Y and Z) showing low wave frequency and gentle gradients.
4. Calculate the difference or range to give paired evidence.

1 mark for evaluative decision: Hypothesis is supported / true (✓HA);
1 mark for destructive wave data: Sites W/X have 13–14 waves/min with steep gradients of 8.2°–9.5°;
1 mark for constructive wave data: Sites Y/Z have 6–7 waves/min with gentle gradients of 2.4°–3.1°;
0.5 mark for comparative calculation / paired data synthesis (e.g. difference of 5.1° to 7.1° between destructive and constructive sites).

1. Make an explicit judgment that the hypothesis is supported.
2. Compare the sphere of influence evidence (travel distances) between Port Regis and Sandyford using both maximum and/or average figures.
3. Compare the high-order service counts between the two settlements to substantiate the reason stated in the hypothesis.

1 mark for evaluative decision: Hypothesis is supported / true (✓HA);
1 mark for comparative travel distance data (sphere of influence): Max distance is 42 km in Port Regis vs 16 km in Sandyford (or average 24.5 km vs 8.2 km);
1 mark for comparative service data: Port Regis has 18 high-order services compared to 4 in Sandyford (or 14 more services in Port Regis);
0.5 mark for including both maximum and average distance statistics for both settlements.

To improve the velocity measurement:
- Using a mechanical or digital flow meter reduces human timing errors and eliminates interference from wind on floating objects.
- Taking more repeat measurements (e.g., 5 to 10 trials) allows anomalous readings to be identified and discarded before calculating a reliable mean.
- Measuring at multiple points across the transect (left, middle, right) accounts for friction along the river banks and bed, giving a more representative average velocity across the entire cross-section.

Credit any 3 valid points (1 mark each):
- Use a mechanical / digital flow meter / impeller (instead of a float / orange);
- Submerge the measurement instrument to a consistent depth (e.g. 0.6 of depth from surface);
- Increase number of repeats / repeat 5+ times and calculate an average / mean;
- Take velocity readings across the channel / at left, centre, and right of the cross-section;
- Measure over a longer measured distance (e.g. 10 metres) to reduce timing reaction error;
- Repeat the investigation at different times of year / different flow stages / river discharges (dev);

Reject: 'Do it properly', 'Be more careful', 'Use a stopwatch' (already implied).

Extensions to study service provision and retail could include:
- Mapping and tallying the types of shops/services (recording high-order vs. low-order goods, convenience vs. comparison shops) across different zones of the town.
- Conducting pedestrian counts at set locations and times to map footfall density and determine the peak retail core.
- Using a questionnaire with shoppers to map spheres of influence, frequency of visits, and primary transport modes.

Credit any 3 valid points (1 mark each):
- Conduct a land-use mapping survey / record shop types on a base map / classify into high- and low-order (or convenience and comparison) services;
- Conduct pedestrian counts / footfall surveys at set intervals along transects / across different zones;
- Record vacancy rates / number of derelict or empty commercial premises;
- Carry out questionnaires with shoppers / visitors about distance travelled / frequency of visits / reasons for shopping there;
- Map the sphere of influence / catchment area of key services / supermarkets;

Reject: Points relating solely to residential quality or traffic noise.

To improve reliability and validity:
- Using a range of pebble shapes and sizes ensures the results reflect the natural sorting and transport of all beach material rather than just one particle class.
- Increasing the number of marked pebbles (e.g., to 100) reduces the impact of lost pebbles or individual anomalies.
- Extending the duration over several hours or a full tidal cycle captures variations in wave energy and swash/backwash strength as the tide rises and falls.

Credit any 3 valid points (1 mark each):
- Use a variety / representative range of pebble sizes / shapes / masses (instead of only one size);
- Increase sample size / use more pebbles (e.g. 50–100+ pebbles);
- Extend the testing time period / measure over a longer duration / full tidal cycle (e.g. 2–6 hours);
- Repeat the experiment on different days / under different wind and wave energy conditions;
- Measure wave approach angle and wave frequency during the test to link movement with marine processes;
- Measure drop height of sediment trapped against groynes as an alternative / secondary check;

Reject: 'Count the pebbles again', 'Work faster'.

To make the sampling method more representative:
- Increasing the total number of respondents (e.g. from 20 to 100+) provides a statistically valid sample and reduces random error.
- Surveying multiple locations (e.g. high street, train station, beach promenade, residential areas) avoids bias toward only visitors who travel by car.
- Collecting data at various times of the day (morning, afternoon, evening) and across weekdays as well as weekends captures different demographic groups (e.g. local residents, day-trippers, and long-stay tourists).

Credit any 3 valid points (1 mark each):
- Increase sample size / ask more people (e.g. 50–100+ people);
- Survey at multiple / different locations (e.g. beach promenade, bus/train station, town centre, residential streets, not just one car park);
- Survey at different times of day (e.g. afternoon, evening / at regular time slots);
- Survey on different days of the week / include weekdays as well as weekends;
- Survey during different seasons / months of the year (e.g. off-peak vs. peak season);
- Use a defined sampling technique, such as systematic sampling (e.g. every 5th person passing) or stratified sampling (e.g. ensuring an even balance of age and gender groups);

Reject: 'Ask only tourists', 'Make questions easier'.