2024 Cambridge IGCSE History (0470) Practice Paper with Answers

Alexander Dubček's reforms during the Prague Spring of 1968 aimed to liberalise the communist regime. He introduced 'socialism with a human face' by lifting censorship, which led to a flourishing of public debate and media freedom. He reduced the oppressive powers of the secret police, allowed citizens the right to travel abroad (including to Western countries), and permitted the creation of independent political organisations. He also championed economic decentralisation and greater autonomy for Slovakia within a federal structure.

One mark for each relevant point.

Responses may include the following:
- He proposed 'socialism with a human face'.
- He abolished/relaxed censorship of the press and media.
- He guaranteed freedom of speech.
- He reduced the powers and surveillance of the secret police.
- He allowed Czech and Slovak citizens greater freedom to travel abroad.
- He permitted the establishment of political clubs and non-communist groups.
- He proposed a federal structure to grant Slovakia more autonomy.
- He introduced economic reforms to increase factory autonomy and introduce minor market elements.

The League of Nations Refugee Commission was a highly successful humanitarian agency. Under the leadership of Fridtjof Nansen, it successfully returned approximately 400,000 former prisoners of war to their homes. It created the 'Nansen Passport' in 1922, a vital document that allowed stateless refugees to cross international borders to find safety and employment. The Commission also intervened in crises like the Greek-Turkish War, providing emergency housing, sanitation, and food to hundreds of thousands of refugees, and helping them integrate into new communities.

One mark for each relevant point.

Responses may include the following:
- It was led/organised by Fridtjof Nansen.
- It successfully repatriated/returned home about 400,000 prisoners of war.
- It created the 'Nansen Passport' to help stateless people travel and seek employment.
- It provided emergency relief (food, clothing, shelter, medicines) to Greek/Turkish refugees in 1922.
- It helped resettle and find jobs for thousands of Russian refugees fleeing the civil war.
- It established housing and sanitary camps to prevent typhus outbreaks among refugees.

Metternich fell from power in March 1848 due to a combination of long-term economic grievances and a sudden surge in liberal demands. Firstly, Austria had suffered from severe economic problems, including poor harvests in 1846 and 1847, which led to rising food prices, unemployment, and starvation among the working classes in Vienna. This made the population highly receptive to revolutionary action. Secondly, Metternich's system of strict censorship, political repression, and secret police had deeply frustrated the educated middle class, who demanded a constitution, free speech, and representative government. When news of the February revolution in Paris reached Vienna, it inspired students and workers to take to the streets. The government's use of military force to suppress the demonstrations only escalated the violence, prompting the Imperial court to dismiss Metternich on March 13 in a desperate attempt to restore order and save the Habsburg monarchy.

Level 4 (6 marks): Explains two reasons.
Level 3 (4-5 marks): Explains one reason. (4 marks for basic explanation, 5 marks if supported by specific contextual knowledge).
Level 2 (2-3 marks): Identifies or describes valid reasons but does not explain.
- Economic problems and food shortages caused distress.
- Middle class liberals demanded a constitution and freedom of speech.
- Metternich's system used heavy censorship and secret police.
- The February 1848 revolution in France inspired protesters.
- Protests in Vienna turned violent and the Emperor panicked.
Level 1 (1 mark): Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
- There was a revolution in Austria in 1848.
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response.

The League of Nations failed to prevent Poland from keeping Vilna in 1920 primarily because of the self-interest of its leading members, Britain and France. Firstly, France saw Poland as a crucial future ally to help contain Germany and serve as a barrier against Bolshevik Russia. Therefore, France was entirely unwilling to take any military or diplomatic action that would weaken or alienate the Polish government. Without French agreement, Britain was unwilling to act alone. Secondly, the League did not possess its own standing army to enforce its decisions and relied on the willingness of member states to supply troops. In the immediate aftermath of the First World War, neither Britain nor France had the economic resources or the public support to engage in another military conflict over a remote border town, meaning they could not back up the League's demands with any credible threat of force.

Level 4 (6 marks): Explains two reasons.
Level 3 (4-5 marks): Explains one reason. (4 marks for basic explanation, 5 marks if supported by specific contextual knowledge).
Level 2 (2-3 marks): Identifies or describes valid reasons but does not explain.
- France wanted Poland as an ally against Germany.
- Britain did not want to act without French support.
- The League did not have its own army to enforce decisions.
- Countries were exhausted after World War I and did not want to fight.
- Poland refused to comply with the League's commands.
Level 1 (1 mark): Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
- Vilna was a dispute between Poland and Lithuania.
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response.

Agree (divisions as the main reason):
- Middle-class liberals in the Frankfurt Parliament wanted a constitutional monarchy with a limited franchise. In contrast, working-class radicals and urban workers demanded a republic, social reforms, and protection for labor.
- This division terrified the wealthy middle classes, who feared social anarchy and turned back to the traditional monarchs and conservative forces to restore order, fracturing the revolutionary alliance.
- The Frankfurt Parliament wasted months debating national boundaries and the basic rights of German citizens instead of taking decisive military action to consolidate their power, largely due to internal ideological disputes.

Disagree (other reasons for failure):
- The traditional rulers retained control over their loyal and disciplined armies. Once the initial shock of March 1848 passed, rulers like Frederick William IV of Prussia used military force to crush the rebellion in Berlin.
- Austria recovered its power after suppressing revolutions in Vienna, Hungary, and Italy, allowing it to reassert its dominance over German affairs and pressure Prussia to back down.
- Frederick William IV’s eventual refusal to accept the crown offered by the Frankfurt Parliament ('a crown from the gutter' in 1849) dealt a fatal blow to the hopes of constitutional unification, showing that the revolutionaries lacked the power to coerce monarchs without their consent.

Level 5 [10 marks]: Explains both sides and supports a valid, nuanced judgement on 'how far'.
Level 4 [7-9 marks]: Explains both sides. One explanation on each side scores 7; additional explanations on either side score up to 9 marks.
Level 3 [4-6 marks]: Explains one side of the argument. One explanation scores 4 marks; additional explanations on that side score up to 6 marks.
Level 2 [2-3 marks]: Identifies or describes valid reasons for the failure of the 1848 revolutions in Germany, but does not construct an explanation (e.g., 'The Frankfurt Parliament lacked an army', 'Liberals and socialists did not want the same things').
Level 1 [1 mark]: Writes about the revolutions of 1848 in Germany without addressing the specific question.
Level 0 [0 marks]: No creditable response.

Agree (absence of the US as the main reason):
- Without the USA, the League lacked the military strength and economic leverage of the world's most powerful nation.
- This made economic sanctions ineffective; during the Manchurian crisis (1931-1933) and Abyssinian crisis (1935-1936), aggressors like Japan and Italy knew they could continue to trade vital raw materials, like oil, with non-member states such as the United States.
- The absence of the US left Britain and France to lead the League. Neither country had the resources or political will to act as the world's policeman alone, leading to hesitation and weakness.

Disagree (other reasons for failure):
- The self-interest of Britain and France was crucial. In the Abyssinian crisis, they prioritized keeping Mussolini as an ally against Hitler, leading to the secret Hoare-Laval Pact which completely undermined the League's credibility.
- Structural weaknesses hampered decisive action. The requirement for unanimous decisions in the League Council made it easy for aggressors (who held veto power) to block action, and the League had no standing army of its own to enforce decisions.
- The Great Depression made member states inward-looking. Countries were unwilling to impose economic sanctions that would further damage their own trade, and they could not afford the cost of military intervention.

Level 5 [10 marks]: Explains both sides and supports a valid, structured judgement on 'how far'.
Level 4 [7-9 marks]: Explains both sides. One explanation on each side scores 7; additional explanations on either side score up to 9 marks.
Level 3 [4-6 marks]: Explains one side of the argument. One explanation scores 4 marks; additional explanations on that side score up to 6 marks.
Level 2 [2-3 marks]: Identifies or describes valid points but does not explain (e.g., 'The US was the richest nation', 'Britain and France wanted to appease Italy', 'The League had no army').
Level 1 [1 mark]: Writes about the League of Nations in the 1930s but does not address the question.
Level 0 [0 marks]: No creditable response.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

The National Labour Service (Reichsarbeitsdienst or RAD) was established to reduce unemployment and indoctrinate young Germans. Key features included:
- Compulsory service: From 1935, all young men aged 18 to 25 had to serve for six months.
- Manual labor projects: Members worked on public works, such as building the autobahns, reclaiming farmland, planting forests, and draining swamps.
- Military discipline: Workers lived in militarized camps, wore uniforms, and performed drills with shovels rather than weapons.
- Low compensation: Workers received free accommodation, food, and a very small amount of pocket money, while being taken off the official unemployment registers.

Award 1 mark for each correct, relevant point (up to a maximum of 4 marks):
- It was made compulsory in 1935.
- It required six months of service from young men aged 18 to 25.
- Its purpose was to carry out state public works and reduce unemployment.
- Workers built autobahns / planted forests / drained marshes / reclaimed land.
- Members lived in communal camps/barracks.
- Members wore uniforms and were subjected to strict discipline.
- They performed military-style drills using spades/shovels instead of rifles.
- Pay was extremely low (pocket money only).
- It was used for political education and Nazi indoctrination.

One reason the Nazis established the Reich Chamber of Culture was to achieve 'Gleichschaltung' (coordination), aligning all aspects of German social and cultural life with National Socialist ideology. By placing Joseph Goebbels and the Propaganda Ministry in charge of this chamber, they gained total control over who could publish books, paint, play music, or act. This allowed them to censor any material that did not actively promote Nazi values and to turn the arts into a powerful tool for public indoctrination.

Another reason was to racially and politically purge German cultural life. Membership in the Chamber of Culture was compulsory for anyone wishing to work in the arts, but membership was denied to Jews, communists, and those who produced modern or 'degenerate' art. By withholding membership, the Nazis effectively banned these targeted groups from working, depriving them of their livelihoods and ensuring that the cultural sphere became entirely dominated by approved Aryan and nationalist artists.

Level 4 (6 marks): Explains two reasons.
Level 3 (4-5 marks): Explains one reason.
- 4 marks for one explanation, 5 marks for explanation supported by specific contextual knowledge.
Level 2 (2-3 marks): Identifies or describes valid reason(s) but does not explain.
- One Level 2 mark for each identification/description.
- e.g., To control the arts; to censor anti-Nazi books; to ban Jewish musicians; to promote Aryan culture; as part of Gleichschaltung.
Level 1 (1 mark): Writes about the topic but does not address the question.
Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response.

To assess how far the Nazi regime successfully gained the support of young people, both the extensive measures taken to win them over and the evidence of youthful opposition must be evaluated.

On one hand, there is strong evidence that the regime was highly successful in gaining the support of many young Germans. Through the Hitler Youth (HJ) and the League of German Girls (BDM), the Nazis provided activities such as camping, hiking, sports, and crafts that were highly appealing to young people, offering them a sense of adventure, camaraderie, and purpose outside the traditional confines of home and school. Furthermore, the education system was completely coordinated (Gleichschaltung) to promote Nazi ideals. Textbooks were rewritten, and biology and history lessons were used to indoctrinate students with racial theories and loyalty to Adolf Hitler. For many children, this continuous exposure to propaganda from an early age resulted in deep, fanatical devotion to the Führer, which was later demonstrated by their willingness to fight fiercely in the military during World War II.

On the other hand, the success of these policies was far from complete. As the Hitler Youth became increasingly regimented and militaristic, many young people grew bored of the constant drilling and political lectures. This disillusionment led to the rise of several youthful opposition groups. For instance, the Edelweiss Pirates rejected the conformity of the Hitler Youth, wore non-regulation clothing, listened to forbidden Western music, and engaged in fights with Hitler Youth patrols. The Swing Youth, primarily middle-class teenagers, openly embraced American jazz and swing music, directly defying Nazi cultural ideals. During the war, more political opposition emerged, such as the White Rose movement led by Munich university students Hans and Sophie Scholl, who distributed anti-Nazi leaflets urging resistance to the war. Additionally, the fact that membership in the Hitler Youth had to be made compulsory in 1939 suggests that voluntary support was declining.

In conclusion, while the Nazis successfully won the fanatical loyalty of a large portion of German youth through appealing leisure activities and systemic school indoctrination, this success was not total. A significant minority of young people rejected the forced conformity, either through passive cultural rebellion like the Swing Youth or through active political defiance and alternative subcultures like the Edelweiss Pirates.

Table B: Use this table to give marks for each candidate response for AO1 and AO2 for part (c) of each question.

Level 5: Explains both sides and supports a valid judgement on 'how far'. (10 marks)
- Candidates must provide one explanation or more on each side, plus a supported conclusion that directly addresses the 'how far' element.

Level 4: Explains both sides. (7-9 marks)
- For candidates to be awarded this level, they must have at least one explanation on each side.
- 7 marks for one explanation on each side; one additional mark for each additional explanation on either side.

Level 3: Explains one side. (4-6 marks)
- One Level 3 mark for each explanation.
- e.g. Explaining how the appeal of activities in the Hitler Youth and school indoctrination successfully won over many young people.
- e.g. Explaining how the existence of opposition groups like the Edelweiss Pirates or the Swing Youth demonstrates that support was not complete.

Level 2: Identifies or describes valid points; addresses the question but does not explain. (2-3 marks)
- One Level 2 mark for each identification/description.
- Points may include:
* The Hitler Youth offered popular activities like camping and sports.
* Education was used to teach Nazi racial ideas.
* Edelweiss Pirates opposed the Hitler Youth.
* Swing Youth listened to jazz music.
* Membership in the Hitler Youth became compulsory in 1939.
* The White Rose group distributed anti-regime leaflets.

Level 1: Writes about the topic but does not address the question. (1 mark)
- e.g. Young people were important to Hitler's plans for Germany's future.

Level 0: No creditable response. (0 marks)

To gain maximum marks, candidates must identify both agreements and disagreements between the sources, and ideally compare their overall 'big messages'.

**Agreements include:**
- Both sources agree that Warsaw Pact / Soviet forces entered Czechoslovakia in August 1968 (specifically on 21 August).
- Both sources agree that there was no organized military opposition/fighting by the official Czechoslovak army.
- Both sources agree that there was a conflict concerning the political reforms or political direction of Czechoslovakia (referred to as reforms in A, and counter-revolution in B).

**Disagreements include:**
- **Authorization/Knowledge:** Source A says the invasion happened without the knowledge of the country's leaders and that government officials were arrested. Source B claims the troops entered in response to an urgent appeal for help from loyal members of the party and government.
- **Reaction of the Population:** Source A states that ordinary citizens engaged in spontaneous, non-violent resistance. Source B claims the forces met with warm gratitude from the working class.
- **Nature of the Reforms:** Source A describes the reforms ('socialism with a human face') positively, noting they aimed to introduce freedom of speech and had united popular support. Source B describes the political developments negatively as a 'counter-revolutionary conspiracy' backed by Western imperialist powers.
- **Overall Interpretation (Big Message):** Source A portrays the event as an unprovoked, shocking act of military aggression against a peaceful populace seeking reform. Source B portrays it as a necessary, requested act of friendly assistance to protect socialism from Western-backed subversion.

**Level 5 [7 marks]**
Answers that compare the big messages of the two sources.
- *Source A:* The invasion was an unprovoked act of aggression against a popular and peaceful reform movement.
- *Source B:* The intervention was a requested and necessary act of fraternal assistance to save Czechoslovak socialism from a Western-backed coup.

**Level 4 [5–6 marks]**
Answers that compare agreement(s) AND disagreement(s) using specific details from the text.

**Level 3 [3–4 marks]**
Answers that compare agreement(s) OR disagreement(s) using specific details from the text.

**Level 2 [2 marks]**
Answers based on information that is in one source but not in the other (no direct comparison) OR answers that compare only the provenance of the sources.

**Level 1 [1 mark]**
Answers that attempt to compare the sources but make no valid, logical comparison.

**Level 0 [0 marks]**
No creditable response.

To answer this question effectively, candidates must compare the content of both sources to identify agreements and disagreements, and then evaluate the reliability of the sources using contextual knowledge of the Corfu Incident (1923).

**Disagreements:**
- Source C claims Greece is entirely innocent and conducted a thorough, open investigation. Source D claims Greece was negligent and its investigation was conducted with grave negligence, allowing the perpetrators to escape.
- Source C argues Italy's actions are a planned imperialist invasion. Source D blames Greece's security failures and demands reparations, justifying Italy's grievances.

**Agreements:**
- Both sources acknowledge that a tragic assassination of the Italian delegation took place on Greek territory.

**Evaluation & Synthesis:**
- Source C is a speech by the Greek Prime Minister, giving him a strong motive to deny guilt, preserve national honor, and rally domestic and international opposition against the Italian occupation.
- Source D is from the Conference of Ambassadors, which was heavily pressured by Mussolini's threats to bypass the League of Nations. Contextual knowledge reveals that the Conference ultimately favored Italy's demands despite the lack of clear evidence proving Greek government involvement in the murders. Thus, Source C’s denial highlights the controversial and politically compromised nature of the findings in Source D.

**Level 7 (8 marks):** Answers that explain both sources imply different views of Greek guilt/negligence and evaluate the reliability/trustworthiness of at least one of the sources using historical context or purpose (e.g., the Greek PM's motive to defend Greece in Source C, or the political pressure of Mussolini on the Conference of Ambassadors in Source D).

**Level 6 (7 marks):** Answers that explain a key disagreement/agreement between C and D, and evaluate at least one of the sources.

**Level 5 (5–6 marks):** Answers based on key disagreements or agreements between the sources.
- *Disagreement:* Source C says Greece is innocent and investigated thoroughly; Source D says Greece was negligent and failed to investigate properly.
- *Agreement:* Both sources agree that Tellini's delegation was assassinated.

**Level 4 (4 marks):** Answers based on comparison of less significant details.

**Level 3 (3 marks):** Answers that explain things in D that C cannot prove/disprove OR evaluates D by itself with no use of C.

**Level 2 (2 marks):** Answers that compare the sources but fail to explain if D is correct OR identifies what is right/wrong in D but with no valid explanation.

**Level 1 (1 mark):** Answers that make simple assertions based on the provenance of the sources.

**Level 0 (0 marks):** No creditable response.

The cartoon was published in September 1923 in direct response to the Corfu Crisis of August–September 1923. Mussolini had occupied the Greek island of Corfu after the murder of an Italian general, Tellini. Greece appealed to the League of Nations, but Mussolini refused to accept the League's authority and threatened to leave the organization.

The cartoonist's purpose was to expose and mock the League's complete failure to act as a 'Great Peace-Keeper' when challenged by a major European power, cowering instead of defending a vulnerable member state. By depicting Mussolini as an uncontrolled giant bully and the League as a fearful, helpless old man, the publisher sought to shame the League and rally British public opinion to demand that international bodies do not appease aggressive dictators.

Level 6 (8 marks): Answers that explain the purpose of the cartoon in the context of the Corfu Crisis in September 1923 (e.g., to shame/criticize the League's capitulation and turn public opinion against appeasing Mussolini's aggression).

Level 5 (7 marks): Answers that explain the purpose of the cartoon (e.g., to warn people that the League's cowardice will encourage further aggression from dictators like Mussolini) but without fully integrating the specific immediate context.

Level 4 (5–6 marks): Answers that explain the big message of the cartoon as a reason for publication (e.g., to show that Mussolini is a bully and the League of Nations is weak and cowardly).

Level 3 (3–4 marks): Answers that explain the historical context of the Corfu Crisis (August–September 1923) as the reason for publication OR answers that explain a valid sub-message (e.g., Greece is helpless) as the reason for publication.

Level 2 (2 marks): Answers that explain the message, context, or purpose of the cartoon but do not use it as a reason for publication.

Level 1 (1 mark): Answers that provide a surface description of the cartoon's details only.

Level 0 (0 marks): No creditable response.

An excellent response will evaluate the usefulness of Source F by looking beyond its surface details to its historical context and the motives of the authors.

On a surface level (Level 3), the source is useful because it explicitly reveals the British government's dilemma: they felt forced to pay lip service to the League of Nations to win votes at home, while being deeply reluctant to enact real penalties (like oil sanctions) that might provoke Mussolini.

At a higher level of evaluation (Level 5/6), the source is useful as evidence of the fundamental weakness of the League's collective security system—namely, that its leading members (Britain and France) prioritized their own national security interests (such as fear of German rearmament and fear of war in the Mediterranean) over the covenant of the League.

To achieve the highest marks (Level 7), the candidate will evaluate the reliability of these claims by cross-referencing them with historical context, such as the secret negotiation of the Hoare-Laval Pact in December 1935, which confirmed that Britain and France were indeed prepared to bypass the League and partition Abyssinia to appease Mussolini.

**Level 7 [8 marks]**
Answers that evaluate usefulness by explaining how the source's private nature reveals the underlying motives and political survival strategies of the British government (appeasing domestic opinion to win elections while secretly undermining the League's covenant).

**Level 6 [7 marks]**
Answers that argue the source is useful as evidence of the behind-the-scenes diplomatic calculations of the Great Powers that ultimately doomed the League's collective security efforts, OR argue it is not useful because it represents a purely Anglo-French defensive bias.

**Level 5 [6 marks]**
Answers that use cross-reference (e.g., to the Hoare-Laval Pact of December 1935 or the League's failure to impose oil sanctions) to evaluate the reliability and usefulness of the claims made in the source.

**Level 4 [5 marks]**
Answers that argue the source is useful because it explains the specific reasons why Britain and France hesitated to act. These answers must use internal evidence from the text of Source F to show why its private nature makes it a reliable reflection of official anxiety.

**Level 3 [3–4 marks]**
Answers that accept the usefulness of the source at face value because it shows the dilemma of British elections, French fear of Hitler, and the threat of war in the Mediterranean.

**Level 2 [2 marks]**
Answers that make simple assertions about usefulness based only on the source's provenance (e.g., 'It is useful because it is a private letter from 1935') OR reject the source as useless because it is 'biased' without further explanation.

**Level 1 [1 mark]**
Answers that write about the Abyssinian Crisis but make no valid point of comparison or evaluation regarding the source's usefulness.

**Level 0 [0 marks]**
No creditable response.

To achieve Level 4 (6-9 marks), a candidate must use the sources to construct a balanced argument:

**Arguments supporting the statement (successes of the League in the 1920s):**
- **Source A** outlines the successful resolution of early disputes such as the Aaland Islands (1921) and Upper Silesia, showing the League could successfully arbitrate disputes when both parties cooperated.
- **Source C** is a contemporary speech showing public and political optimism, arguing that the League’s moral authority was established and effective in its first few years.
- **Source F** describes the Greek-Bulgarian dispute of 1925 where the League acted swiftly to stop hostilities, proving it could prevent war between smaller states.

**Arguments rejecting the statement (failures or weaknesses of the League in the 1920s):**
- **Source B** points out major failures like the Vilna dispute (1920) and the Corfu Incident (1923), where major powers ignored the League's authority.
- **Source D** is a cartoon illustrating the fundamental weakness of the League from its inception, specifically the absence of the USA, which undermined its peacekeeping ability.
- **Source E** is a Greek official's account of the Corfu crisis, showing how the Conference of Ambassadors bypassed the League to appease a major power (Italy), exposing the League's weakness.

**Conclusion:**
While the sources present clear successes (A, C, F), they also expose significant structural weaknesses and failures when major powers were involved (B, D, E), meaning the evidence is mixed and not entirely convincing.

Source use must be referenced by source letter, provenance, or a quote. There must be use of source content and an explanation of how this supports/does not support the statement.

**Level 4 (6–9 marks)**
Uses the sources to support AND reject the statement.
*Developer note: candidates must explain at least one source on each side to enter this level.*

**Level 3 (3–5 marks)**
Uses the sources to support OR reject the statement.

- **Supporting:** Source A, Source C, Source F
- **Not supporting:** Source B, Source D, Source E

**Level 2 (2 marks)**
Uses the sources but fails to use them to test the statement.

**Level 1 (1 mark)**
Writes about the topic but no use of sources.

**Level 0 (0 marks)**
No creditable response.

To achieve a high mark, candidates must write a well-sequenced, detailed account directly addressing how the Nazi state targeted young people through both school education and extracurricular activities.

Key areas to cover include:
- **Control of Education and Curriculum:** Schools were heavily coordinated (*Gleichschaltung*). Textbooks in key subjects like History, Geography, and Biology were completely rewritten to align with Nazi racial theories and militaristic ideals. A new subject, 'Racial Science' (*Rassenkunde*), was introduced to teach children Aryan superiority.
- **Control of Teachers:** Teachers were forced to join the National Socialist Teachers' League (*Nationalsozialistischer Lehrerbund*, NSLB). Those who refused or were politically/racially suspect were dismissed under the 1933 Civil Service Law. Teachers had to take a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.
- **Establishment of Compulsory Youth Movements:** Independent youth groups, such as Christian or socialist clubs, were banned or absorbed. The Hitler Youth (*Hitlerjugend*, HJ) for boys and the League of German Maidens (*Bund Deutscher Mädel*, BDM) for girls became compulsory by law in 1939.
- **Militarisation and Domestic Indoctrination:** HJ activities focused on physical fitness, marching, map-reading, camping, and basic military skills to prepare boys for the army. BDM activities focused on physical fitness, domestic sciences, and preparation for motherhood and domestic life.
- **Encouragement of Denunciation:** Children were actively encouraged to report any anti-Nazi remarks made by parents, neighbours, or teachers to their youth leaders or the Gestapo, creating a atmosphere of state loyalty overriding family ties.

**Level 3 (11–15 marks)**
Account includes the main events/developments and directly addresses the question.
Account is consistently supported by accurate historical knowledge.
Account is logically sequenced.

**Level 2 (6–10 marks)**
Account describes some events/developments relevant to the question.
Account is mostly supported by accurate historical knowledge.
Account is structured in its approach.

**Level 1 (1–5 marks)**
Response has limited relevance to the question.
Response includes some accurate historical knowledge.
Points made are generally unconnected.

**Level 0 (0 marks)**
No creditable material.

The Dawes Plan of 1924 played a pivotal role in stabilizing the Weimar Republic during its 'Golden Age' (1924–1929). By introducing a structured reparations schedule and securing vital US capital, it addressed the immediate economic devastation left by hyperinflation and the Ruhr crisis.

On one hand, the Dawes Plan had immense economic and political importance. Economically, the inflow of 800 million gold marks in US loans revitalized German industry, funded social housing and public works, and restored confidence in the national currency, the Reichsmark. This economic recovery directly fostered political stability, as unemployment fell and the standard of living rose, leading to a significant decline in votes for extremist parties such as the Nazis and Communists in the 1924 and 1928 elections. Furthermore, by demonstrating Germany's commitment to meeting its treaty obligations under Stresemann's policy of fulfillment, the Dawes Plan facilitated the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr, paving the way for international reconciliation through the Locarno Treaties of 1925.

On the other hand, the plan had notable limitations and created structural vulnerabilities. The stability it brought was highly fragile because the German economy became entirely dependent on short-term American loans. When these loans were recalled following the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Weimar economy collapsed rapidly, showing that the stability of the mid-1920s was built on 'dancing on a volcano'. Additionally, the plan did not actually reduce the total reparations debt—only the annual payment amounts—which continued to fuel nationalist resentment and right-wing opposition to the Weimar system.

In conclusion, while the Dawes Plan was crucial in providing the economic foundation and international trust necessary for the Weimar Republic's temporary survival and golden years, its reliance on foreign credit ultimately left the republic exposed to catastrophic collapse when global economic conditions deteriorated.

**Level 5 (21–25 marks)**
An answer that presents more than one facet of the discussion. Uses well-supported explanations in support of more than one facet of the discussion. Reaches a clear, convincing and substantiated judgement on relative importance.

**Level 4 (16–20 marks)**
An answer that presents more than one facet of the discussion. Explanations are used to support the facets presented. May attempt a judgement, which is partially supported.

**Level 3 (11–15 marks)**
An answer that presents one or more facets of the discussion. Explanation(s) are used to support only one of the facets presented. May attempt a judgement, which is unsupported.

**Level 2 (6–10 marks)**
An answer that attempts to address one or more facets but only using assertion. May include relevant comments linked to a facet but these will be undeveloped or implicit.

**Level 1 (1–5 marks)**
An answer that presents general knowledge of the topic. Describes or identifies some points with limited focus.

**Level 0 (0 marks)**
No creditable material.

**Indicative content:**
Candidates may consider the following facets when discussing the importance of the Dawes Plan:
- **Economic recovery:** Renegotiated reparations to make annual payments manageable; secured US loans (800 million gold marks) to stimulate industrial growth and rebuild public infrastructure.
- **Political stabilization:** Rising prosperity reduced support for anti-republican extremist parties (Nazis won only 2.6% of the vote in 1928) and bolstered moderate coalition governments.
- **Foreign policy successes:** Improved relations with Western Allies, leading to the evacuation of the Ruhr in 1925 and Germany’s eventual entry into the League of Nations (1926).
- **Limitations and dependencies (counter-arguments):** Created a dangerous dependency on short-term American loans ('dancing on a volcano'); failed to reduce the overall reparations bill, which nationalist opponents continued to exploit for anti-Weimar propaganda.