Introduction to Air Pollution：練習問題

The catalytic converter in a modern automobile is designed to reduce the emission of three primary pollutants. Which of the following sets of chemical reactions correctly represents the primary function of a three-way catalytic converter?

In the formation of stratospheric ozone, the Chapman cycle describes a steady state. However, the presence of Nitrous Oxide \( (N_2O) \) from agricultural runoff can disrupt this. Which of the following sets of reactions correctly shows how \( N_2O \) contributes to ozone depletion?

During a thermal inversion in a valley city, the temperature profile is measured. At the surface, the temperature is \( 10^{\circ}C \). At an altitude of \( 500 \text{ m} \), the temperature is \( 15^{\circ}C \). At \( 1,000 \text{ m} \), it is \( 8^{\circ}C \). Which of the following best describes the behavior of a plume of particulate matter (PM2.5) released from a factory stack that is \( 100 \text{ m} \) tall?

A city experiences a severe photochemical smog event. Based on the chemical precursors involved, which of the following daily patterns of pollutant concentrations would most likely be observed?

The chemical composition of photochemical smog varies significantly throughout the day. At 8:00 AM, a high concentration of Nitrogen Oxide (NO) is observed due to morning traffic. By 2:00 PM, the concentration of NO has decreased while the concentration of Ozone \( (O_3) \) and Peroxyacetyl Nitrates (PANs) has peaked. Which of the following best explains the chemical transformation responsible for the mid-afternoon peak of secondary pollutants?

The formation of photochemical smog involves complex interactions between \(NO_{x}\), VOCs, and sunlight. Explain why the concentration of ground-level ozone typically peaks in the mid-to-late afternoon rather than at noon.

A specific urban area experiences a thermal inversion during the winter months. Describe the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere during this event and explain how this meteorological condition impacts the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM) at the ground level.

Unit 7: Atmospheric Pollution
The city of Los Angeles frequently experiences photochemical smog during the summer months.
(a) Identify the primary pollutants required for the formation of photochemical smog and state their main anthropogenic sources.
(b) Describe the chemical sequence, including the role of sunlight and Nitrogen Oxides \( (NO_x) \), that leads to the formation of ground-level ozone \( (O_3) \).
(c) Explain why thermal inversions exacerbate the concentration of pollutants at ground level.
(d) Provide two specific strategies that an urban area could implement to reduce the frequency and intensity of photochemical smog episodes. <\/p>