Contextualizing Industrialization and Its Origins and Effects：練習問題

• a.

  They resulted in the immediate abolition of the guild system in rural villages.

• b.

  They led to a decrease in agricultural production, causing widespread famine.

• c.

  They forced many small farmers and peasants to migrate to urban centers to find work in factories.

• d.

  They encouraged the British government to subsidize international exploration for new farmland.

• a.

  The displacement of traditional skilled craftsmanship by labor-saving machinery.

• b.

  The implementation of the Corn Laws and high grain prices.

• c.

  The expansion of the British Empire into South Asia.

• d.

  The lack of religious freedom in industrial mining towns.

• a.

  Population growth would inevitably outpace the growth of the food supply.

• b.

  Capitalism would eventually lead to a global socialist revolution.

• c.

  The steam engine was an inherently inefficient source of energy.

• d.

  Factory work would lead to the physical degradation of the human species within two generations.

• a.

  James Hargreaves' spinning jenny.

• b.

  The invention of the mercury thermometer.

• c.

  Henry Cort's puddling and rolling process.

• d.

  John Kay's flying shuttle.

• a.

  It led to a total collapse of the merchant class due to high import tariffs.

• b.

  It reinforced feudal obligations by limiting trade to the landed aristocracy.

• c.

  It caused a return to a barter economy in rural areas to avoid currency fluctuations.

• d.

  It blurred traditional class lines as luxury goods became more accessible to the burgeoning middle class.

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