Gas exchange：練習問題

A hypothetical marine organism is shaped like a cube. If the length of each side is doubled, what happens to its surface area to volume ratio (SA:V)?

Which statement best explains the relationship between motility and gas exchange in a tuna compared to a grouper?

A skipjack tuna is an obligate ram ventilator. What is the physiological consequence if this fish is prevented from swimming forward?

Why are coral polyps able to meet their entire oxygen requirement through simple diffusion without the need for a specialized ventilation system?

The diagram illustrates the process of pumped ventilation in a grouper. During the inhalation phase, what are the states of the buccal cavity volume and the opercular valve?

Define the term ram ventilation and name one species of marine fish that relies on this method to maintain a constant flow of water over its gills.

Explain how the metabolic demand of a highly motile marine predator, such as a tuna, determines its reliance on ram ventilation to maintain gas exchange efficiency.

A cube-shaped marine organism has a side length of \( 3\text{ mm} \). Calculate its surface area to volume ratio (\( SA:V \)) and explain how this ratio limits the maximum size of organisms that can rely solely on simple diffusion for gas exchange.

(a) Compare the gas exchange surface of a coral polyp with that of a grouper, explaining why the grouper requires both a specialized respiratory surface and a transport system to survive. \( [3] \)
(b) Highly active marine fish, such as the skipjack tuna, utilize ram ventilation. Suggest why these organisms would face physiological stress if they were forced into a habitat with very low water flow and limited swimming space. \( [2] \)