Mood (affective) disorders: depressive disorder (unipolar) and bipolar disorder：練習問題

Which type of antidepressant medication works by inhibiting the enzyme responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft?

According to the reformulated learned helplessness model by Seligman et al. (1988), which dimension of the attributional style is specifically linked to the belief that the cause of a negative event is universal and will affect many areas of a person's life?

Which group of anti-depressants works by inhibiting the enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, but requires a strict diet to avoid the 'cheese effect' (hypertensive crisis)?

In Beck's cognitive restructuring therapy, what is the primary goal of the therapist during sessions?

In the study by Oruč et al. (1997) regarding the genetics of mood disorders, which specific neuroreceptor gene was analyzed for its potential association with bipolar disorder?

Identify the three components of the cognitive triad as proposed in Beck's cognitive theory of depression.

Describe the psychological explanation of learned helplessness or attributional style in relation to depressive disorder.

Explain why the clinical application of Beck’s cognitive restructuring is considered idiographic, even though the underlying cognitive theory of depression is nomothetic.

(a) According to the ICD-11, identify one core symptom required for a diagnosis of a depressive episode.
(b) Identify one symptom associated with a manic episode typically found in bipolar disorder.
(c) Briefly outline one major difference between depressive disorder (unipolar) and bipolar disorder in terms of the clinical episodes experienced by a patient.

Various treatments exist for unipolar depressive disorder.
(a) Describe two different biological treatments for depression, such as SSRIs, MAOIs, or tricyclics. [2]
(b) Evaluate the use of Beck's cognitive restructuring as a psychological therapy for mood disorders, identifying one strength and one limitation. [3]