Intelligence, IQ testing and educational attainment：練習問題

How does the concept of labelling contribute to educational inequality within the classroom?

David Hargreaves (1967) found that working-class students in lower streams often formed anti-school subcultures because:

What is the primary objective of compensatory education programmes, such as 'Sure Start' or 'Head Start'?

Which term refers to the process where a teacher’s initial definition of a student leads the student to internalise that definition and act accordingly?

In Mac an Ghaill's (1994) study of gender and subcultures, which group of boys was characterized by their attempt to project an image of 'effortless achievement'?

Identify and briefly describe one way in which the hidden curriculum may contribute to educational inequality for working-class students.

Explain how the concept of material deprivation differs from cultural deprivation as an explanation for social class differences in educational attainment.

Explain the role of pupil subcultures in shaping the educational attainment of ethnic minority students, with reference to both pro-school and anti-school responses.

(a) Define the term 'gender socialisation'.
(b) Explain two ways in which gender socialisation within the family may lead to differences in educational attainment between boys and girls.

(a) Explain two ways in which speech codes may contribute to social class differences in educational attainment.

(b) 'In-school factors are more important than material factors in explaining why students from different social classes achieve different levels of success in education.' Evaluate this view.