History of Asia and Oceania：練習問題

• a.

  It sought to expel all foreign influence through military force but failed after the combined forces of the Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing.

• b.

  It attempted to decentralize power to provincial governors to stimulate trade, but failed when those governors declared independence from the Qing dynasty.

• c.

  It aimed to establish a communist state based on Marxist principles but failed because the peasant population remained loyal to the Confucian social order.

• d.

  It was an attempt to modernize the imperial bureaucracy and education system through top-down decrees, but failed due to a conservative coup led by Empress Dowager Cixi.

• a.It resulted in the adoption of the United States' federalist system of government.
• b.It led to the immediate abolition of the Unequal Treaties with Western powers.
• c.It informed the creation of a centralized administrative structure and the eventual 1889 Constitution.
• d.It established a permanent military alliance between Japan and the Russian Empire.

• a.

  Differences between the English term 'sovereignty' and the Māori term 'kawanatanga' (governorship) led to conflicting interpretations of who held ultimate authority.

• b.

  It established New Zealand as a French protectorate, which the British only overturned after the Battle of Kororāreka in 1845.

• c.

  The treaty was invalidated by the United Nations because it did not include signatures from the South Island iwi, leading to a legal vacuum in governance.

• d.

  The treaty explicitly prohibited British settlement for 50 years, a clause that the British government ignored, causing the Musket Wars.

• a.

  It marked Korea's transition to an empire (the Korean Empire) to assert sovereign equality with China and Japan while pursuing internal modernization of the military and land systems.

• b.

  It was a total rejection of Western technology in favor of a return to strict Neo-Confucian isolationism to prevent Japanese encroachment.

• c.

  It represented the first successful democratic transition in Asia, replacing the monarchy with a parliamentary republic modeled on the United States.

• d.

  It was a series of reforms dictated entirely by the Russian Empire to transform Korea into a naval buffer zone against the British Royal Navy.

• a.

  It catalyzed a shift from traditional culturalism to modern nationalism and radicalism, providing the intellectual impetus for the rise of the Chinese Communist Party.

• b.

  It led to the immediate dissolution of the Kuomintang and the establishment of a federalist system of government based on Swiss cantons.

• c.

  It successfully pressured the Versailles signatories to return all Chinese territories, leading to a period of unprecedented stability under the Qing dynasty.

• d.

  It was a religious revival movement that sought to establish Shintoism as the primary state religion of China to align with Japanese interests.

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まず自分で答えを書いてから、解説と照らし合わせましょう。

まず自分で答えを書いてから、解説と照らし合わせましょう。