Map skills and geographic tools：練習問題

On a map with a scale of 1:50,000, what is the actual ground distance represented by a line segment measuring 4 cm on the map?

A hiker travels from point A to point B. The 4-figure grid reference for point A is 1234. In which direction is the hiker moving if the 4-figure grid reference for point B is 1236?

In a 6-figure grid reference 456789, what do the third and sixth digits (6 and 9) specifically represent?

On a topographic map, what do contour lines that form closed, concentric circles with the highest values in the center represent?

An area of land is measured as \(4\text{ cm}^2\) on a map with a scale of \(1:10,000\). What is the actual ground area in square meters?

Identify the conventional color used on a topographical map to represent vegetation such as forests or orchards, and name one other map symbol commonly used to indicate a specific type of land use.

A hiker travels from a point at a 4-figure grid reference of 2435 to another point at 2637. In which general compass direction is the hiker traveling, and what is the change in the easting value?

On a map with a scale of 1:50,000, calculate the actual ground distance in kilometers if the measured distance between two points on the map is 12 cm.

Using the principles of map reading and grid references, answer the following questions regarding a standard topographic map:

(a) Briefly explain the difference between a 4-figure grid reference and a 6-figure grid reference.
(b) If a hiker is located at a 4-figure grid reference of 3245, identify the range of possible easting and northing values (to the nearest tenth) that this location covers.
(c) Name the instrument traditionally used to determine the direction of North in the field.

Consider a topographical map with a scale of \(1:25,000\). A hiker plans to travel between two points, A and B. On the map, the straight-line distance between Point A and Point B is \(12\text{ cm}\). Point A is located at a spot height of \(150\text{ m}\) and Point B is located at a spot height of \(450\text{ m}\).

(a) Calculate the actual horizontal distance between Point A and Point B in kilometers.
(b) Calculate the vertical gradient between Point A and Point B, expressing your answer as a ratio (1:n).
(c) If the hiker maintains a constant walking speed of \(4\text{ km/h}\) on flat ground, but the speed reduces by \(10\%\) for every \(1:20\) increase in gradient, calculate the estimated time (in minutes) required to travel from A to B, assuming the path follows the straight-line distance and the gradient is uniform.