Potential hazards related to the use of acids and alkalis ：練習問題

Which of the following describes the most appropriate immediate first aid treatment for a student who has accidentally spilled a small amount of dilute alkali on their arm?

Strong alkalis, such as concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, cause serious burns upon contact with skin. This corrosive action is largely attributed to the alkali reacting with fats and oils in the skin tissue. What is the observable outcome resulting directly from this chemical reaction (saponification)?

A large spill of concentrated nitric acid occurs on a wooden laboratory bench. Which of the following represents the most complex combination of hazards presented by this specific accident?

What is the recommended immediate action if a small amount of dilute acid is splashed onto the skin?

Laboratory safety guidelines specify that bottles of concentrated acids and alkalis should never be stored on high shelves above eye level. What is the main reason for this rule?

Explain why it is hazardous to mix different types of household cleansing products, such as an acidic toilet cleaner and chlorine bleach.

If a student accidentally splashes a concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (a strong alkali) onto their hands, what is the immediate emergency action required, and why is this specific action critically important?

A laboratory technician accidentally spills a strong acid on a wooden bench. Immediately, they pour a strong alkali over the spill to neutralise it. Explain why this approach, despite aiming for neutralisation, might still pose a hazard and suggest a safer alternative for cleaning up the acid spill.

During a lab experiment, a student accidentally spills a small amount of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (an alkali) on their hand.

(a) Describe the immediate first aid action the student should take.

(b) Explain why concentrated alkalis cause injuries to the skin and how the immediate action you described in (a) helps to minimise the damage.

(c) Suggest one piece of personal protective equipment (PPE) that could have significantly reduced the risk of this accident occurring.

A homeowner attempted to remove a stubborn stain by mixing a strong acidic toilet cleaner (containing hydrochloric acid) with household bleach. This resulted in the immediate release of a toxic, pale green gas.

(a) Name the toxic gas produced. Explain why mixing these two types of cleansing products is hazardous to human health.

(b) Concentrated alkalis are often used in drain cleaners. When these solutions touch the skin, they create a 'slippery' or 'soapy' sensation. Explain the chemical process occurring on the skin that causes this sensation and why this makes alkalis particularly dangerous compared to acids.

(c) If a concentrated alkali is splashed onto the skin, describe the immediate first aid treatment. Why is it discouraged to attempt to neutralize the chemical on the skin using a weak acid (like vinegar) as the first step?

(d) List two safety measures that should be followed when storing and using these chemicals at home to prevent accidents.