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Economics A (9EC0)

20セクション

Nature of economics

Economics as a social science
Positive and normative economic statements
The economic problem
Production possibility frontiers
Specialisation and the division of labour
Free market economies, mixed economy and command economy

How markets work

Rational decision making
Demand
Price, income and cross elasticities of demand
Supply
Elasticity of supply
Price determination
Price mechanism
Consumer and producer surplus
Indirect taxes and subsidies
Alternative views of consumer behaviour

Market failure

Types of market failure
Externalities
Public goods
Information gaps

Government intervention

Government intervention in markets
Government failure

Measures of economic performance

Economic growth
Inflation
Employment and unemployment
Balance of payments

Aggregate demand (AD) Subject

The characteristics of AD
Consumption (C)
Investment (I)
Government expenditure (G)
Net trade (X-M)

Aggregate supply (AS)

The characteristics of AS
Short-run AS
Long-run AS

National income

National income
Injections and withdrawals
Equilibrium levels of real national output
The multiplier

Macroeconomic objectives and policies

Possible macroeconomic objectives
Demand-side policies
Supply-side policies
Conflicts and tradeoffs between objectives and policies

Business growth

Sizes and types of firms
Business growth
Demergers

Business objectives

Business objectives

Revenues, costs and profits

Revenue
Costs
Economies and diseconomies of scale
Normal profits, supernormal profits and losses

Market structures

Efficiency
Perfect competition
Monopolistic competition
Oligopoly
Monopoly
Monopsony
Contestability

Labour market

Demand for labour
Supply of labour
Wage determination in competitive and non-competitive markets

Government intervention

Government intervention
The impact of government intervention

International economics

Globalisation
Specialisation and trade
Pattern of trade
Terms of trade
Trading blocs and the World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Restrictions on free trade
Balance of payments
Exchange rates
International competitiveness

Poverty and inequality

Absolute and relative poverty
Inequality

Emerging and developing economies

Measures of development
Factors influencing growth and development
Strategies influencing growth and development

The financial sector

Role of financial markets
Market failure in the financial sector
Role of central banks

Role of the state in the macroeconomy

Public expenditure
Taxation
Public sector finances
Macroeconomic policies in a global context

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