Sexual and asexual reproduction, meiosis：練習問題

DNA is a polymer made up of many repeating units called nucleotides. What are the three components that make up a single DNA nucleotide?

Human blood groups are determined by multiple alleles (\(I^A\), \(I^B\), and \(I^O\)). If a parent with blood group AB has children with a parent who is heterozygous for blood group A, what is the probability that an offspring will have blood group B?

A researcher extracts DNA from a fruit sample. During the process, a cold ethanol solution is added to the filtered mixture. What is the biological purpose of adding ethanol in this procedure?

A protein synthesis error occurs because RNA polymerase fails to bind correctly to a specific region of the DNA. Based on your knowledge of protein synthesis, in which region did the genetic variant likely occur, and what is the direct consequence?

In the 1800s, Gregor Mendel performed crosses with pea plants. He crossed a homozygous tall plant with a homozygous short plant. All offspring in the first generation (\(F_1\)) were tall. If two of these \(F_1\) plants are crossed, what is the expected ratio of tall to short plants in the second generation (\(F_2\))?

In a pedigree analysis for a sex-linked recessive disorder, a carrier female has children with an unaffected male. Explain the probability of their male offspring inheriting the disorder compared to their female offspring.

A genetic variant occurs in the non-coding DNA located in front of a gene. Explain how this variant could lead to an increase in the quantity of protein produced during protein synthesis.

Explain how a single genetic variant in the non-coding DNA located in front of a gene could lead to an increase in the phenotype expressed by that gene, specifically by influencing RNA polymerase binding.

DNA is a polymer found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells which carries genetic information.
a) Describe the double helix structure of DNA, including the components of a single nucleotide.
b) Name the four nitrogenous bases and state which bases pair together according to the rules of complementary base pairing.
c) State the type of chemical bond that holds these base pairs together.