Biological Molecules: Water, Carbohydrates and Lipids：練習問題

Which monosaccharide is typically used as the immediate source of energy for glycolysis in most cells?

Which sequence correctly describes the flow of events during the cardiac cycle, starting immediately after the atria have filled with blood?

In the development of atherosclerosis, which event occurs immediately after the inflammatory response triggers the recruitment of monocytes to the damaged endothelium?

Which structural characteristic is most prominent in an artery compared to a vein, allowing it to withstand and maintain high blood pressure?

During the phase of the cardiac cycle immediately following atrial systole, the ventricles begin to contract. Which sequence of events describes the state of the valves and the resulting pressure changes in the ventricles during isovolumetric contraction?

State how antihypertensive drugs help to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Explain how antihypertensive drugs help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis.

During ventricular systole, the pressure in the left ventricle must rise significantly. Explain how the structure of the aorta, specifically its elastic fibres, allows it to maintain a high blood pressure even when the heart is in diastole.

Blood vessels and the heart form a complex system designed to maintain mass transport in large animals, overcoming the limitations of diffusion.

a) Explain how the structure of a capillary is specifically adapted to its function of exchange between the blood and tissues. (2)

b) The pressure of the blood changes as it leaves the heart and travels through the systemic circulation. Explain how the structure of an artery wall allows it to withstand and maintain high blood pressure. (2)

A student calculated the cardiac output of a resting athlete. The athlete had a heart rate of \(65\) beats per minute and a stroke volume of \(80\text{ cm}^3\).

(a) Calculate the cardiac output in \(\text{dm}^3\text{ min}^{-1}\).
(b) During intense exercise, the cardiac output increased to \(25.0\text{ dm}^3\text{ min}^{-1}\) and the heart rate rose to \(160\) beats per minute. Calculate the new stroke volume.