Photosynthesis and Chloroplasts：練習問題

Which of the following terms refers to all the individuals of one species that live in a particular area at a specific time?

A population of lizards is separated into two groups by the formation of a new canyon. Over time, the two groups evolve different mating displays and can no longer produce fertile offspring when brought back together.

Which process has occurred?

In an experiment, a plant was exposed to light and then suddenly moved into total darkness. The concentration of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) was observed to increase immediately after the lights were turned off.

Which statement explains this observation?

Which of the following terms describes all the organisms of different species living and interacting in a particular habitat at a specific time?

A crop of maize receives solar energy at a rate of \(2.0 \times 10^6 \text{ kJ m}^{-2} \text{ year}^{-1}\). The Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of the crop is measured as \(4.0 \times 10^4 \text{ kJ m}^{-2} \text{ year}^{-1}\).

What is the percentage efficiency of energy transfer from the sun to the producers?

State the role of the enzyme RUBISCO in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.

Explain why the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) of an ecosystem is always lower than the Gross Primary Productivity (GPP).

Explain how reproductive isolation between two populations of a single species can eventually lead to allopatric speciation.

In ecology, understanding the organization of organisms and the flow of energy within a habitat is fundamental for conservation efforts.

(a) State the difference between the terms population and community. (2 marks)

(b) A specific area of temperate forest has a recorded Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) of \(32,500 \text{ kJ m}^{-2} \text{ year}^{-1}\). The energy lost to the environment through plant respiration (R) is measured at \(14,200 \text{ kJ m}^{-2} \text{ year}^{-1}\). Calculate the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) for this forest ecosystem. (1 mark)

Succession is a directional change in the composition of species in a community over time. Consider the process of primary succession occurring on a newly exposed site of bare rock.

(a) Explain the importance of pioneer species in the initial stages of this succession. (2 marks)

(b) Describe how abiotic factors are modified by the biotic community as succession progresses toward a climax community. (3 marks)